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资源说明：LPC, vowels, formants. A repo to save my research on this topic
# Lip Sync Research I tried to create a basic vowel detection for a flash project, to decide if an expected word was spoken and to sync lips to a sound currently spoken by a user. Conclusion: Use Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) to find vowels or synthesizes speech. But it was work than I expected. I used ALF(AS3) and numpy(python) to validate my AS3 results. I havehad more trust in numpy. I also used a wonderful tool called PRAAT to verify my results and look into a working vowel detection. I failed to complete the vowel detection within the given project timeline so I used a simple fallback: Measure the volume and open the mouth/lips accordingly. Good enough. But I was a little bit disappointed. It felt that I was very, very close to a workign vowel detection. **Note to myself: Continue in JavaScript!** Here some notes from 2012-11 :) Finally I got it! 2012 11 13 !! GK http://www.mail-archive.com/clam-devel@llistes.projectes.lafarga.org/msg00586.html To get the formants, you have to solve the linear model of the LPC coefficients, which I think is just finding the roots of a polynomial or the poles of the filter. The LPC coefficients are real valued, but the roots are complex. The arg/angle of the root/pole is the formant frequency and the magnitude is the formant bandwidth. http://www.mathworks.de/de/help/signal/ug/formant-estimation-with-lpc-coefficients.html Obtain the linear prediction coefficients. To specify the model order, use the general rule that the order is two times the expected number of formants plus 2. In the frequency range, [0,Fs/2], you expect 3 formants. Therefore, set the model order equal to 8. Find the roots of the prediction polynomial returned by lpc. Because the LPC coefficients are real-valued, the roots occur in complex conjugate pairs. Retain only the roots with one sign for the imaginary part and determine the angles corresponding to the roots. http://www.mathworks.de/de/help/signal/ug/formant-estimation-with-lpc-coefficients.html ## Some notes ### Collection of documents and tools + Vowel (IPA) Formant f1 Formant f2 + u 320 Hz 800 Hz + o 500 Hz 1000 Hz + ɑ 700 Hz 1150 Hz + a 1000 Hz 1400 Hz + ø 500 Hz 1500 Hz + y 320 Hz 1650 Hz + ɛ 700 Hz 1800 Hz + e 500 Hz 2300 Hz + i 320 Hz 2500 Hz ### linear prediction coefficients Almost all of the semantically important information in speech lies below 4000 − 5000 Hz, as demonstrated by the intelligibility of telephones, so an audio sample rate of 10kHz is sufficient for analysis applications such as lip-sync. Mund Position reichen doch 10-15 Previous synchronized speech animation has typically used approximately 10-15 distinct mouth keyframes [11,12,5] (although synthetic speech approaches [15,14] have used many more distinct mouth positions). via ______lipsync91.pdf 40 OPTIMUM deutsche Sprache nur wichtig bei Sprachgenerierung. Mund Positionen: http://animation.about.com/od/flashanimationtutorials/a/animationphonem.htm LPC Deutsch hat etwa 40 Phoneme (ca. 20 Vokalphoneme und ca. 20 konsonantische Phoneme), deutsche Dialekte oft erheblich mehr. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonem#Phoneme_und_Phonemklassen_der_deutschen_Lautsprache http://www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/cmudict Englisch: (40) AA 0 AE 26 AH 47 AO 68 AW 90 AY 115 EH 145 EY 169 IH 192 IY 215 OW 239 OY 261 UH 286 UW 314 B 342 CH 354 D 367 DH 383 ER 404 F 419 G 430 HH 439 JH 452 K 472 L 488 M 502 N 525 NG 542 P 560 R 568 S 583 SH 598 T 612 TH 622 V 633 W 648 Y 661 Z 672 ZH 689 END 704
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