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资源说明：Just Fast Authentication - an auth daemon with a PAM client that talks to it, and replication over SSL.
jfauth: Just Fast Authentication
================================
jfauth exists to solve a problem that has been driving me crazy for more
than a decade: password synchronization across multiple Unix machines.
It ought to be easy, right? The passwords are stored in /etc/shadow, a
plain text file, and all I *really* need is to get a copy of those passwords
onto every machine I'm interested in.
But that plan creates several problems:
- You don't *really* want to distribute your /etc/shadow file very far;
anyone with a copy suddenly has the ability to brute-force crack your
password file, and most passwords don't last long against such an attack.
- /etc/shadow is readable/writable only by root, so to copy it around would
require root access on *both* the master server and the server receiving the
copy. That might be okay if one person is managing *every* machine on the
whole network, but it's not much good if you let developers set up their own
workstations.
- You might not want *every* user to have access to *every* machine, so
you probably can't just copy the file; you need to filter it somehow.
- You might want to keep a separate list of "network users" and "local
users." For example, you could have a global root password (the 'network
admin' should have access to everything), plus a separate root password so
individuals can administer particular machines.
Copying the files around gets messy. jfauthd is the next best thing.
How it works
------------
When you log in, your system typically uses PAM to validate your username
and password. (If you log in using SSH keys, jfauth doesn't help you; copy
your .ssh/authorized_keys file around instead.) jfauth comes with a simple
PAM module (pam_jfauth) that just connects to /var/run/jfauthd/sock and asks
if that password is correct. Notably, you don't have to be root in order to
check a password. This should be good news for people who want to use PAM
from apache or another web server.
On the other end of the /var/run/jfauthd/sock socket is jfauthd, the
authentication daemon. jfauthd runs in one of two modes:
1. Forward all requests back to PAM, which can be set up to authenticate
against /etc/shadow, Active Directory, LDAP, NIS, etc.
2. Forward all requests over SSL to a remote jfauthd server.
Generally, you'll set up one copy of jfauthd as the network master, and that
one will run in mode 1. This lets other machines connect up to it and
authenticate against *that* machine's PAM. So you only need one copy of
/etc/shadow, for example.
The other machines will be configured in mode 2, connecting to the master
server. Because pam_jfauth is "stackable," you can, if you want, set those
machines up to fall back to any other method (such as pam_unix to read the
local /etc/shadow file) if it fails.
Bonus Features
--------------
If you start jfauthd with the --smbpasswd option, it'll auto-run the
smbpasswd command to update Samba whenever you successfully authenticate.
That means you can ssh (or POP, or IMAP, or whatever) into your machine
once, let it authenticate with jfauthd, and then you'll be able to connect
up using Samba. Sure, it's not as cool as actually having smbpasswd be
right in the first place, but that's a lot harder to fix.
jfauthd *does* keep its authentication connection open persistently. That
means that even though it uses SSL, it doesn't have to re-negotiate SSL
each time someone logs in, so it can be both secure *and* fast. It also
minimizes network bandwidth usage and latency, so logins are fast even over
a VPN.
A simple command-line tool, jfauth, takes a username or password on stdin
and exits with either a 0 (success) or 1 (failure). You can use this in
shell scripts, etc, to authenticate whatever service you want using the
jfauthd stack.
jfauth includes no setuid programs. The jfauthd program may need to run as
root, however, depending on your PAM setup. Depending on your point of
view, that's either better or worse.
Caching
-------
jfauthd caches successful authentications in two ways:
1. If the --accel-time option is nonzero (the default), the cache is used for pure
acceleration. If a given username/password pair has authenticated
successfully up to accel-time seconds ago, the same username/password
pair will succeed again, without forwarding the request to the remote
jfauthd or PAM.
This is especially useful if you use slow authentication methods (such
as LDAP over SSL) or if your remote jfauthd is connected over a slow
VPN, or if you do tons of repeated authentications (like apache_mod_pam
does: one per page). If your auth method is really slow, you might want
to increase accel-time to something like a day or two.
If the user provides a username/password that *isn't* in the cache -
even if there's a successful pair already cached - the request will
still be forwarded. That means if you change your password on the
server, the new password will work right away, just like you'd expect.
However, if you change your password on the server, the *old* password
will continue to work for up to accel-time seconds, or until you
authenticate using the new password (which replaces the old cached
entry).
2. If the --cache-time option is nonzero (default is -1, which means it
never expires), then the cache is used when if the remote jfauthd is
down, can't be reached, or doesn't respond quickly enough. (It has no
effect in PAM mode.)
The --cache-time is used only as a fallback in case the server isn't
working; jfauthd always tries to ask the server, even if it already has
a successful entry in its cache, and only uses the cached entry if the
server doesn't answer.
This kind of caching is a little safer than accel-time (since if you
change your password, the old password stops working right away), but
is handy if your main worry is that brief downtime in your master server
might cause your network to grind to a halt. With a nonzero
--cache-time, at least users who have logged into a particular machine
in the past can still use that machine while the master server is down.
You can use --accel-time and --expire-time together; in that case, the
accelerator cache takes precedence, and --expire-time is only used if the
accel time expires.
You might also want to tweak the --cache-size parameter, which controls the
maximum number of users in the cache (and thus the amount of memory it
uses). The default is 100, which is very conservative, since each cache
entry probably takes less than 100 bytes.
Installation (master server)
----------------------------
If you're using Debian, install the correct .deb package for your
distribution. Otherwise, 'make install' in the jfauth source code
directory.
Start the jfauthd server on your "master" server with a command line like
this:
jfauthd -d -s -u --smbpasswd
(Try jfauthd --help to find out what the options do.)
On Debian, jfauthd probably started automatically. To change the options
it's using, edit /etc/default/jfauth, save your changes, and then run
/etc/init.d/jfauthd restart
Now take a look at /etc/pam.d/jfauthd. It probably looks something like
this:
@include common-account
@include common-password
@include common-session
auth required pam_unix.so nullok_secure
That means when jfauthd authenticates someone, it's going to use pam_unix.
If you wanted it to try pam_ldap and then fall back to pam_unix, you would
delete the last line and add this instead:
auth required pam_ldap.so debug
auth required pam_unix.so use_first_pass
All this is normal PAM stuff; just about any PAM module should work here.
If you just want to authenticate against /etc/shadow, just leave the file
alone and you should be okay.
Now, from the command line, test out your jfauthd connection to make sure it
works. Don't type the $, that just means the command prompt:
$ jfauth && echo YAY || echo FAIL
myusername
mypassword
(You have to type your own username and password instead of "myusername" and
"mypassword".) If it works, you'll see YAY. If it doesn't work, you'll see
FAIL. If it fails, STOP NOW AND DON'T GO ON TO THE NEXT STEP. YOU MIGHT
BREAK YOUR SYSTEM OTHERWISE.
Now you can configure PAM for all the programs *other* than jfauthd, to make
them talk to jfauthd. A sample PAM setup is in
/usr/share/doc/jfauthd/example/common-auth. On a Debian system, you can
just replace /etc/pam.d/common-auth with that and it'll work; on non-Debian
systems, you probably need to fiddle with it a bit more. The key part of
the file is this:
auth required pam_jfauth.so
or, if you want to use other modules as a fallback, this:
auth sufficient pam_jfauth.so
There are no PAM options to provide to the pam_jfauth.so module; it just
works.
Now that PAM is set up, try using 'su' or 'ssh' or one of your other
programs that tries to authenticate; if all goes well, it'll work.
Installation (non-master server)
--------------------------------
Some people like to call these "slave" machines, but that's kind of cruel.
They're not really slaves; they're just borrowing some authentication help
from the master. So let's call them non-master servers.
On a non-master server, you need to run jfauthd with slightly different
options:
jfauthd -d -u -f MASTER_SERVER_HOSTNAME
Where you replace MASTER_SERVER_HOSTNAME with the hostname (or IP address,
if you're paranoid) of the master server you configured above.
As before, in Debian, you can just edit /etc/default/jfauth and then run
/etc/init.d/jfauth restart
and your daemon will be running.
On a non-master server, you can ignore /etc/pam.d/jfauthd, because it never
gets used; jfauthd doesn't use PAM, it just forwards all its requests to the
master server, which uses PAM (and its own /etc/pam.d/jfauthd).
You can now test your jfauth setup using the 'jfauth' command, just like in
the previous section.
Next, set up PAM to talk to jfauthd, just like in the previous section
(probably by changing /etc/pam.d/common-auth again).
Easy, right? The only real difference is the jfauthd configuration; the
pam_jfauth setup is the same on every machine where you want to use it.
Frequently Asked Questions
--------------------------
This program is far too new to have any frequently asked questions. If you
have a question, though, please feel free to email me. Your question will,
by definition, become the most frequently asked, and probably land itself in
this document and you'll be famous. You want to be famous, right? Right.
--
Avery Pennarun
apenwarr@gmail.com
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