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资源说明：Ruby FFI language module for SWIG
SWIG (Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator)
Version: 1.3.41 (in progress)
Tagline: SWIG is a compiler that integrates C and C++ with languages
including Perl, Python, Tcl, Ruby, PHP, Java, Ocaml, Lua,
Scheme (Guile, MzScheme, CHICKEN), Pike, C#, Modula-3,
Common Lisp (CLISP, Allegro CL, CFFI, UFFI), Octave and R.
SWIG reads annotated C/C++ header files and creates wrapper code (glue
code) in order to make the corresponding C/C++ libraries available to
the listed languages, or to extend C/C++ programs with a scripting
language.
This distribution represents the latest development release of SWIG.
The guilty parties working on this are:
Active Developers:
William Fulton (wsf@fultondesigns.co.uk) (SWIG core, Java, C#, Windows, Cygwin)
Olly Betts (olly@survex.com) (PHP)
John Lenz (Guile, MzScheme updates, Chicken module, runtime system)
Mark Gossage (mark@gossage.cjb.net) (Lua)
Joseph Wang (joequant@gmail.com) (R)
Gonzalo Garramuno (ggarra@advancedsl.com.ar) (Ruby, Ruby's UTL)
Xavier Delacour (xavier.delacour@gmail.com) (Octave)
Major contributors include:
Dave Beazley (dave-swig@dabeaz.com) (SWIG core, Python, Tcl, Perl)
Henning Thielemann (swig@henning-thielemann.de) (Modula3)
Matthias Köppe (mkoeppe@mail.math.uni-magdeburg.de) (Guile, MzScheme)
Luigi Ballabio (luigi.ballabio@fastwebnet.it) (STL wrapping)
Mikel Bancroft (mikel@franz.com) (Allegro CL)
Surendra Singhi (efuzzyone@netscape.net) (CLISP, CFFI)
Marcelo Matus (mmatus@acms.arizona.edu) (SWIG core, Python, UTL[python,perl,tcl,ruby])
Art Yerkes (ayerkes@speakeasy.net) (Ocaml)
Lyle Johnson (lyle@users.sourceforge.net) (Ruby)
Charlie Savage (cfis@interserv.com) (Ruby)
Thien-Thi Nguyen (ttn@glug.org) (build/test/misc)
Richard Palmer (richard@magicality.org) (PHP)
Sam Liddicott - Anonova Ltd (saml@liddicott.com) (PHP)
Tim Hockin - Sun Microsystems (thockin@sun.com) (PHP)
Kevin Ruland (PHP)
Shibukawa Yoshiki (Japanese Translation)
Jason Stewart (jason@openinformatics.com) (Perl5)
Loic Dachary (Perl5)
David Fletcher (Perl5)
Gary Holt (Perl5)
Masaki Fukushima (Ruby)
Scott Michel (scottm@cs.ucla.edu) (Java directors)
Tiger Feng (songyanf@cs.uchicago.edu) (SWIG core)
Mark Rose (mrose@stm.lbl.gov) (Directors)
Jonah Beckford (beckford@usermail.com) (CHICKEN)
Ahmon Dancy (dancy@franz.com) (Allegro CL)
Dirk Gerrits (Allegro CL)
Neil Cawse (C#)
Harco de Hilster (Java)
Alexey Dyachenko (dyachenko@fromru.com) (Tcl)
Bob Techentin (Tcl)
Martin Froehlich (Guile)
Marcio Luis Teixeira (Guile)
Duncan Temple Lang (R)
Miklos Vajna (PHP directors)
Past contributors include:
James Michael DuPont, Clark McGrew, Dustin Mitchell, Ian Cooke, Catalin Dumitrescu, Baran
Kovuk, Oleg Tolmatcev, Tal Shalif, Lluis Padro, Chris Seatory, Igor Bely, Robin Dunn
(See CHANGES and CHANGES.current for a more complete list).
Portions also copyrighted by companies/corporations;
Network Applied Communication Laboratory, Inc
Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan
Up-to-date SWIG related information can be found at
http://www.swig.org
A SWIG FAQ and other hints can be found on the SWIG Wiki:
http://www.dabeaz.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!! IMPORTANT !!!!!!!
!!!!!!! !!!!!!!
!!!!!!! Previous SWIG-1.1 users should read the documentation !!!!!!!
!!!!!!! file Doc/Manual/SWIG.html before trying to use SWIG-1.3!!!!!!!
!!!!!!! on existing SWIG interfaces. This is the most current !!!!!!!
!!!!!!! documentation that describes new 1.3 features and !!!!!!!
!!!!!!! incompatibilities. !!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
What's New?
===========
SWIG-1.3.40 summary:
- SWIG now supports directors for PHP.
- PHP support improved in general.
- Octave 3.2 support added.
- Various bug fixes/enhancements for Allegrocl, C#, Java, Octave, Perl,
Python, Ruby and Tcl.
- Other generic fixes and minor new features.
SWIG-1.3.39 summary:
- Some new small feature enhancements.
- Improved C# std::vector wrappers.
- Bug fixes: mainly Python, but also Perl, MzScheme, CFFI, Allegrocl
and Ruby
SWIG-1.3.38 summary:
- Output directory regression fix and other minor bug fixes
SWIG-1.3.37 summary:
- Python 3 support added
- SWIG now ships with a version of ccache that can be used with SWIG.
This enables the files generated by SWIG to be cached so that repeated
use of SWIG on unchanged input files speeds up builds quite considerably.
- PHP 4 support removed and PHP support improved in general
- Improved C# array support
- Numerous Allegro CL improvements
- Bug fixes/enhancements for Python, PHP, Java, C#, Chicken, Allegro CL,
CFFI, Ruby, Tcl, Perl, R, Lua.
- Other minor generic bug fixes and enhancements
SWIG-1.3.36 summary:
- Enhancement to directors to wrap all protected members
- Optimisation feature for objects returned by value
- A few bugs fixes in the PHP, Java, Ruby, R, C#, Python, Lua and
Perl modules
- Other minor generic bug fixes
SWIG-1.3.35 summary:
- Octave language module added
- Bug fixes in Python, Lua, Java, C#, Perl modules
- A few other generic bugs and runtime assertions fixed
SWIG-1.3.34 summary:
- shared_ptr support for Python
- Support for latest R - version 2.6
- Various minor improvements/bug fixes for R, Lua, Python, Java, C#
- A few other generic bug fixes, mainly for templates and using statements
SWIG-1.3.33 summary:
- Fix regression for Perl where C++ wrappers would not compile
- Fix regression parsing macros
SWIG-1.3.32 summary:
- shared_ptr support for Java and C#
- Enhanced STL support for Ruby
- Windows support for R
- Fixed long-standing memory leak in PHP Module
- Numerous fixes and minor enhancements for Allegrocl, C#, cffi, Chicken, Guile,
Java, Lua, Ocaml, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Tcl.
- Improved warning support
SWIG-1.3.31 summary:
- Python modern classes regression fix
SWIG-1.3.30 summary:
- Python-2.5 support
- New language module: R
- Director support added for C#
- Numerous director fixes and improvements
- Improved mingw/msys support
- Better constants support in Guile and chicken modules
- Support for generating PHP5 class wrappers
- Important Java premature garbage collection fix
- Minor improvements/fixes in cffi, php, allegrocl, perl, chicken, lua, ruby,
ocaml, python, java, c# and guile language modules
- Many many other bug fixes
SWIG-1.3.29 summary:
- Numerous important bug fixes
- Few minor new features
- Some performance improvements in generated code for Python
SWIG-1.3.28 summary:
- More powerful renaming (%rename) capability.
- More user friendly warning handling.
- Add finer control for default constructors and destructors. We discourage
the use of the 'nodefault' option, which disables both constructors and
destructors, leading to possible memory leaks. Use instead 'nodefaultctor'
and/or 'nodefaultdtor'.
- Automatic copy constructor wrapper generation via the 'copyctor' option/feature.
- Better handling of Windows extensions and types.
- Better runtime error reporting.
- Add the %catches directive to catch and dispatch exceptions.
- Add the %naturalvar directive for more 'natural' variable wrapping.
- Better default handling of std::string variables using the %naturalvar directive.
- Add the %allowexcept and %exceptionvar directives to handle exceptions when
accessing a variable.
- Add the %delobject directive to mark methods that act like destructors.
- Add the -fastdispatch option to enable smaller and faster overload dispatch
mechanism.
- Template support for %rename, %feature and %typemap improved.
- Add/doc more debug options, such as -dump_module, -debug_typemaps, etc.
- Unified typemap library (UTL) potentially providing core typemaps for all
scripting languages based on the recently evolving Python typemaps.
- New language module: Common Lisp with CFFI.
- Python, Ruby, Perl and Tcl use the new UTL, many old reported and hidden
errors with typemaps are now fixed.
- Initial Java support for languages using the UTL via GCJ, you can now use
Java libraries in your favorite script language using gcj + swig.
- Tcl support for std::wstring.
- PHP4 module update, many error fixes and actively maintained again.
- Allegrocl support for C++, also enhanced C support.
- Ruby support for bang methods.
- Ruby support for user classes as native exceptions.
- Perl improved dispatching in overloaded functions via the new cast and rank
mechanism.
- Perl improved backward compatibility, 5.004 and later tested and working.
- Python improved backward compatibility, 1.5.2 and later tested and working.
- Python can use the same cast/rank mechanism via the -castmode option.
- Python implicit conversion mechanism similar to C++, via the %implicitconv
directive (replaces and improves the implicit.i library).
- Python threading support added.
- Python STL support improved, iterators are supported and STL containers can
use now the native PyObject type.
- Python many performance options and improvements, try the -O option to test
all of them. Python runtime benchmarks show up to 20 times better performance
compared to 1.3.27 and older versions.
- Python support for 'multi-inheritance' on the python side.
- Python simplified proxy classes, now swig doesn't need to generate the
additional 'ClassPtr' classes.
- Python extended support for smart pointers.
- Python better support for static member variables.
- Python backward compatibility improved, many projects that used to work
only with swig-1.3.21 to swig-1.3.24 are working again with swig-1.3.28
- Python test-suite is now 'valgrinded' before release, and swig also
reports memory leaks due to missing destructors.
- Minor bug fixes and improvements to the Lua, Ruby, Java, C#, Python, Guile,
Chicken, Tcl and Perl modules.
SWIG-1.3.27 summary:
- Fix bug in anonymous typedef structures which was leading to strange behaviour
SWIG-1.3.26 summary:
- New language modules: Lua, CLISP and Common Lisp with UFFI.
- Big overhaul to the PHP module.
- Change to the way 'extern' is handled.
- Minor bug fixes specific to C#, Java, Modula3, Ocaml, Allegro CL,
XML, Lisp s-expressions, Tcl, Ruby and Python modules.
- Other minor improvements and bug fixes.
SWIG-1.3.25 summary:
- Improved runtime type system. Speed of module loading improved in
modules with lots of types. SWIG_RUNTIME_VERSION has been increased
from 1 to 2, but the API is exactly the same; only internal changes
were made.
- The languages that use the runtime type system now support external
access to the runtime type system.
- Various improvements with typemaps and template handling.
- Fewer warnings in generated code.
- Improved colour documentation.
- Many C# module improvements (exception handling, prevention of early
garbage collection, C# attributes support added, more flexible type
marshalling/asymmetric types.)
- Minor improvements and bug fixes specific to the C#, Java, TCL, Guile,
Chicken, MzScheme, Perl, Php, Python, Ruby and Ocaml modules).
- Various other bug fixes and memory leak fixes.
SWIG-1.3.24 summary:
- Improved enum handling
- More runtime library options
- More bugs fixes for templates and template default arguments, directors
and other areas.
- Better smart pointer support, including data members, static members
and %extend.
SWIG-1.3.23 summary:
- Improved support for callbacks
- Python docstring support and better error handling
- C++ default argument support for Java and C# added.
- Improved c++ default argument support for the scripting languages plus
option to use original (compact) default arguments.
- %feature and %ignore/%rename bug fixes and mods - they might need default
arguments specified to maintain compatible behaviour when using the new
default arguments wrapping.
- Runtime library changes: Runtime code can now exist in more than one module
and so need not be compiled into just one module
- Further improved support for templates and namespaces
- Overloaded templated function support added
- More powerful default typemaps (mixed default typemaps)
- Some important %extend and director code bug fixes
- Guile now defaults to using SCM API. The old interface can be obtained by
the -gh option.
- Various minor improvements and bug fixes for C#, Chicken, Guile, Java,
MzScheme, Perl, Python and Ruby
- Improved dependencies generation for constructing Makefiles.
SWIG-1.3.22 summary:
- Improved exception handling and translation of C errors or C++
exceptions into target language exceptions.
- Improved enum support, mapping to built-in Java 1.5 enums and C#
enums or the typesafe enum pattern for these two languages.
- Python - much better STL suppport and support for std::wstring,
wchar_t and FILE *.
- Initial support for Modula3 and Allegro CL.
- 64 bit TCL support.
- Java and C#'s proxy classes are now nearly 100% generated from
typemaps and/or features for finer control on the generated code.
- SWIG runtime library support deprecation.
- Improved documentation. SWIG now additionally provides documentation
in the form of a single HTML page as well as a pdf document.
- Enhanced C++ friend declaration support.
- Better support for reference counted classes.
- Various %fragment improvements.
- RPM fixes.
- Various minor improvements and bug fixes for C#, Chicken, Guile, Java,
MzScheme, Perl, Php, Python, Ruby and XML.
The SWIG-1.3.x development releases offer a huge number of improvements
over older SWIG-1.1 releases. These improvements include:
- Support for C++ overloaded functions and methods.
- Support for C++ smart pointers.
- Support for C++ namespaces
- Support for C++ overloaded operators.
- Support for C++ templates including member templates.
- Support for C++ template specialization and partial specialization.
- Support for C++ friend declarations.
- Parsing support for almost all C/C++ datatypes.
- Automatic translation of C++ exception specifiers.
- Contract support.
- A full C preprocessor with macro expansion. Includes C99 variadic macros.
- Java, Ruby, MzScheme, PHP4, OCAML, Pike, CHICKEN, XML and C# modules
added. Guile module improved.
- Director support - upcalls for C++ virtual functions into the target
language proxy class.
- Better code generation. SWIG is better able to make optimizations
in order to generate less code.
- Testing framework part of the distribution ("make -k check" support).
- A lot of minor bug fixes and cleanup.
- Better Windows support.
If you used SWIG-1.1, a number of old features are missing from SWIG-1.3.
- The SWIG-1.1 documentation system is gone and hasn't been
replaced yet. This is on the long-term to-do list.
- The Tcl7.x and Perl4 modules are deprecated and no longer
included.
- A wide variety of old SWIG command-line options and
obscure features are gone.
- A lot of old %pragma directives and obscure undocumented
customization features have been eliminated. The same
functionality is now available through other means.
- Objective C support doesn't work right now. No ETA as to
when it will return.
Although we are making some attempt to preserve backwards
compatibility with interfaces written for SWIG-1.1, SWIG-1.3
incorporates a number of very substantial modifications to type
handling, typemaps, and wrapper code generation. Therefore, if you
are making extensive use of advanced SWIG features, interfaces written
for SWIG-1.1 may not work. We apologize for the inconvenience, but
these changes are needed in order to fix a number of annoying
"features" in SWIG-1.1. Hopefully the list of new features will
provide enough incentive for you to upgrade (and that the
modifications to your interfaces will only be minor).
In addition, SWIG-1.3 makes no attempt to be compatible with SWIG-1.1 at
the C++ API level so language modules written for SWIG-1.1 will most
definitely not work with this release.
See the documentation for details of the SWIG_VERSION preprocessor
symbol if you have backward compatibility issues and need to use more
than one version of SWIG.
The files NEW and CHANGES describe in some detail all of the important
changes that have been made to the system. Experienced users would be
well advised to read this.
Release Notes
=============
Please see the CHANGES.current file for a detailed list of bug fixes and
new features for the current release. The CHANGES file contains bug fixes
and new features for older versions. A summary of the changes is included
in this README file.
Windows Installation
====================
Please see the Doc/Manual/Windows.html file for instructions on installing
SWIG on Windows and running the examples. The Windows distribution is
called swigwin and includes a prebuilt SWIG executable, swig.exe, included in
the same directory as this README file. Otherwise it is exactly the same as
the main SWIG distribution. There is no need to download anything else.
Unix Installation
=================
You must use GNU `make' to build SWIG.
http://www.gnu.org/software/make/
To build and install SWIG, simply type the following:
% ./configure
% make
% make install
By default SWIG installs itself in /usr/local. If you need to install SWIG in
a different location or in your home directory, use the --prefix option
to ./configure. For example:
% ./configure --prefix=/home/yourname/projects
% make
% make install
Note: the directory given to --prefix must be an absolute pathname. Do *NOT* use
the ~ shell-escape to refer to your home directory. SWIG won't work properly
if you do this.
The file INSTALL details more about using configure. Also try
% ./configure --help.
The configure script will attempt to locate various packages on your machine
including Tcl, Perl5, Python and all the other target languages that SWIG
uses. Don't panic if you get 'not found' messages--SWIG does not need these
packages to compile or run. The configure script is actually looking for
these packages so that you can try out the SWIG examples contained
in the 'Examples' directory without having to hack Makefiles.
Please see the Documentation section below on installing documentation as
none is installed by default.
SWIG used to include a set of runtime libraries for some languages for working
with multiple modules. These are no longer built during the installation stage.
However, users can build them just like any wrapper module as described in
the documentation, Doc/Manual/Modules.html. The CHANGES file also lists some
examples which build the runtime library.
Notes:
(1) If you checked the code out via SVN, you will have to run ./autogen.sh
before typing 'configure'. In addition, a full build of SWIG requires
the use of bison.
Macintosh OS X Installation
============================
SWIG is known to work on various flavors of OS X. Follow the Unix installation
instructions above. However, as of this writing, there is still great deal of
inconsistency with how shared libaries are handled by various scripting languages
on OS X. We've tried to resolve these differences to the extent of our knowledge.
This release was most recently checked with the Panther release of OS X on a
Macintosh G5 system. Your mileage may vary.
Users of OS X should be aware that Darwin handles shared libraries and linking in
a radically different way than most Unix systems. In order to test SWIG and run
the examples, SWIG configures itself to use flat namespaces and to allow undefined
symbols (-flat_namespace -undefined suppress). This mostly closely follows the Unix
model and makes it more likely that the SWIG examples will work with whatever
installation of software you might have. However, this is generally not the recommended
technique for building larger extension modules. Instead, you should utilize
Darwin's two-level namespaces. Some details about this can be found here
http://developer.apple.com/documentation/ReleaseNotes/DeveloperTools/TwoLevelNamespaces.html
Needless to say, you might have to experiment a bit to get things working at first.
Testing
=======
If you want to test SWIG before installation, type the following:
% make -k check
'make -k check' requires at least one of the target languages to be
installed. If it fails, it may mean that you have an uninstalled
language module or that the file 'Examples/Makefile' has been
incorrectly configured. It may also fail due to compiler issues such
as broken C++ compiler. Even if 'make -k check' fails, there is a
pretty good chance SWIG still works correctly---you will just have to
mess around with one of the examples and some makefiles to get it to work.
The testing suite executed by 'make -k check' is designed to stress-test
many parts of the implementation including obscure corner cases. If some
of these tests fail or generate warning messages, there is no reason for
alarm---the test may be related to some new SWIG feature or a difficult bug
that we're trying to resolve. Chances are that SWIG will work just fine
for you. Note that if you have more than one CPU/core, then you can use
parallel make can be used to speed up the check as it does take quite some
time to run, for example:
% make -j2 -k check
Also, SWIG's support for C++ is sufficiently advanced that certain
tests may fail on older C++ compilers (for instance if your compiler
does not support member templates). These errors are harmless if you
don't intend to use these features in your own programs.
Note: The test-suite currently contains around 250 tests. If you
have many different target languages installed and a slow machine, it
might take more than an hour to run the test-suite.
Examples
========
The Examples directory contains a variety of examples of using SWIG
and it has some browsable documentation. Simply point your browser to
the file "Example/index.html".
The Examples directory also includes Visual C++ project (.dsp) files for
building some of the examples on Windows.
Known Issues
============
There are minor known bugs, details of which are in the bug tracker, see
http://www.swig.org/bugs.html.
Troubleshooting
===============
In order to operate correctly, SWIG relies upon a set of library
files. If after building SWIG, you get error messages like this,
% swig foo.i
:1. Unable to find 'swig.swg'
:3. Unable to find 'tcl8.swg'
it means that SWIG has either been incorrectly configured or
installed. To fix this:
1. Make sure you remembered to do a 'make install' and that
the installation actually worked. Make sure you have
write permission on the install directory.
2. If that doesn't work, type 'swig -swiglib' to find out
where SWIG thinks its library is located.
3. If the location is not where you expect, perhaps
you supplied a bad option to configure. Use
./configure --prefix=pathname to set the SWIG install
location. Also, make sure you don't include a shell
escape character such as ~ when you specify the path.
4. The SWIG library can be changed by setting the SWIG_LIB
environment variable. However, you really shouldn't
have to do this.
If you are having other troubles, you might look at the SWIG Wiki at
http://www.dabeaz.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl.
Documentation
=============
The Doc/Manual directory contains the most recent set of updated
documentation for this release. The documentation is available in
three different formats, each of which contains identical content.
These format are, pdf (SWIGDocumentation.pdf), single
page html (Doc/Manual/SWIGDocumentation.html) or multiple page html
(other files in Doc/Manual). Please select your chosen format and
copy/install to wherever takes your fancy.
This is a development release and the documentation is largely, but
not entirely up to date. We are working on it, but there
was a lot of old documentation and it is taking some time to
update and complete. Please be patient or volunteer to help.
There is some technical developer documentation available in the
Doc/Devel subdirectory. This is not necessarily up-to-date, but it
has some information on SWIG internals.
Participate!
============
Please report any errors and submit patches (if possible)! We only
have access to a limited variety of hardware (Linux, Solaris, OS-X,
and Windows). All contributions help.
If you would like to join the SWIG development team or contribute a
language module to the distribution, please contact the swig-dev
mailing list, details at http://www.swig.org/mail.html.
-- The SWIG Maintainers
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