资源说明：A real time operating system for ARM microcontrollers, built around the FreeRTOS kernel.

A FreeRTOS distribution for ARM microcontrollers
================================================

	Hugo Vincent , 8 March 2011.

This is a real-time operating system for very small devices built around an ARM
microcontroller (with typically at least 16 kB of RAM and 64 kB of flash).

A core aim of this project is to provide a ready-to-use _distribution_ of FreeRTOS, 
in the sense that Linux distributions are much more than just the kernel. As such,
we include a clean, consistent build system, a fully functional standard C library
with well defined, portable ways of doing hardware abstraction, peripheral access,
filesystem access, and so on.

FEATURES:
---------

* Support for the ARM Cortex M3 and ARM7TDMI; currently the NXP LPC1768 and
  LPC2368 ports are working.
* Hard-realtime preemptive multitasking kernel (FreeRTOS v6.1.0).
* Supports protected memory on Cortex M3s that have an MPU (memory protection
  unit -- included in the LPC17xx series). Tasks that access memory they do no
  have permission to access are cleanly terminated and debug information is 
  printed to the console.
* Provides exception handlers. Bugs in application code that generate an ARM hardware
  exception or fault (attempt to access non-existent memory, undefined instruction
  etc) are trapped and debug output is shown. Shows a stack backtrace and processor
  state information. In addition, the kernel attempts to recover from such faults
  by cleanly terminating the responsible task. Similarly for tasks that overflow their
  application stack.
* Complete C library support (including `malloc`, standard file IO etc).
* C++ support, including lightweight STL (www.uSTL.sf.net), and exception handling.
* Ethernet networking with the lightweight uIP TCP/IP stack, including a web server.
* Support for power management (processor is aggressively idled when possible, 
  _coming soon:_ dynamic frequency scaling).
* Well integrated GNU toolchain and build system. 
* Build system lists total flash and RAM, and provides an estimate for
  available heap space for dynamically allocated (malloc'd) memory.
* A UNIX-like filesystem hierarchy. Devices can be accessed via their `/dev/`
  nodes. Filesystems (depending on target hardware) can be added to the root
  filesystem hierarchy, for example `/flash` or `/sd_card`.
  	* A read-only filesystem resident in on-chip flash is supported on all targets.
	* mbed (mbed.org) target supports semihosted local filesystem, accessible via
	  the mbed USB interface. Should also work with semihosting-compatible debuggers.
	* Read/write FAT filesystem on SD/microSD cards _(coming soon)_.
* One UART is used as the console, which is used for operating system messages,
  debug output, and standard IO (`printf` et. al.).
* POSIX APIs for threads, timers, sockets etc. _(coming soon)_. We're aiming
  for full POSIX 1003.13 Profile 52 support eventually.
* Device drivers for many on-chip and common off-chip peripherals.
* Aims not to drown in excessive configuration options.

INSTALATION:
------------

1. Download and install a compatible arm-none-eabi GNU toolchain, such as the
   toolchain at http://github.com/hugovincent/arm-eabi-toolchain.
2. Edit the configuration options at the top of the Makefile.
3. Run `make`.
4. Program the generated binary image to your hardware. The Makefile provides
   a `make install` target to install to suppoted boards.

USE:
----

To be written.

NOTES:
------

Tested with the Codesourcery 2010q1-188 arm-non-eabi toolchain, built from
source with http://github.com/hugovincent/arm-eabi-toolchain (on Mac OS X 10.6).
You will probably have problems with an official Codesourcery toolchain as a
number of compiler and C library options had to be changed to suit this project.
It is strongly recommended to use this customized toolchain. 

This has currently only been tested with mbed (www.mbed.org) hardware, some
versions of which use the NXP LPC2368, and some the LPC1768.

BOOT PROCESS:
-------------

This is a summary of roughly how early-boot through to OS running works. This example
is for Cortex-M3 - other ARM devices have a slightly different process at the start
(the C stack and other C runtime stuff is done in assembler code instead).

	
	Hardware set's up a basic C stack with predefined stack pointer. Hardware jumps
	to Reset_Handler - these addresses are defined in the .vectors section.
	[Reset_Handler] 
		- this code does what is traditionally called crt0 (C run time). 
		- can't assume all C features are working
		- initialises C features like data (pre-initialized variables) and bss
		  (zero-initialized variables)
		- copy initial vector table from Flash to RAM and atomically perform relocation
		  of it
		- set up any faults and so forth (generally a good idea to attempt
		  to handle faults than to just ignore them, which will trigger reset)
		- optionally initialise a different stack (the "process stack")
		- pass control to Boot_Init()
		[Boot_Init]
			- call System_Init()
			[System_Init]
				- set up clocks and PLLs if applicable
				- enable clocks and if applicable switch core clock source (normally
				  to something faster)
				- enable power/clocks to core peripherals
				- if applicable, set up memory management/remapping/acceleration etc
			- call Board_EarlyInit()
			[Board_EarlyInit]
				- set NVIC vectors for low-level interrupts (supervisor call, system
				  timer tick (part of the Cortex M3 complex, not a SoC level timer), etc
				- if used, set up any debug communications channels, and
				- set up minimal pin multiplexing etc and peripheral settings so that
				  the debug UART works (the early/late dichotomy is so that debugging
				  or error messages during the late init/boot process can be seen, and
				  that certain boot operations can assume the presence and functionality
				  of certain OS functionality)
				- set any "unsafe" GPIOs to a safe value (things that might be left
				  floating at boot, but need to be in a defined state for safe operation
				- initialise the watch dog timer (optional)
			- call Console_EarlyInit()
			[Console_EarlyInit]
				- set up buffers etc so that printf or other IO machinery works as
				  intended. This might be done in a safe-but-slow manner
			- do any other C/C++ initialisation required (e.g. call C++ constructors)
			- call OS_Init()
			[OS_Init]
				- initialise core OS data structures like the task lists or the
				  device manager
				- these structures allow operating system functionality to be used from
				  here down (e.g. buffered, device-oriented stream IO; atexit();
				  POSIX-like signals etc.)
			- call Console_LateInit()
			[Console_LateInit]
				- re-initialise IO machinery to work in an efficient and thread-safe
				  manner
			- call Board_LateInit()
			[Board_LateInit]
				- initialise other IO/peripherals e.g EEPROM/flash where configuration
				  data might be stored, real-time clock/timer, other ("safe") GPIO etc
			- call main()
			[main]
				- initialise application-level data structures/objects
				- start application threads
				- call OS function to start the scheduler (this function does not return)
			- if main() ever returns, teardown or disable any "unsafe" things,
			  then power down while we wait for the Watch dog timer to reset us.

COPYING:
--------

Portions copyright Richard Barry, Real Time Engineers Ltd:

    FreeRTOS V6.1.0 - Copyright (C) 2010 Real Time Engineers Ltd.

    FreeRTOS is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
    the terms of the GNU General Public License (version 3) as published by the
    Free Software Foundation.

	This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
	but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
	MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
	GNU General Public License for more details.

Portions copyright Hugo Vincent:

	Copyright (C) 2010 Hugo Vincent 

	This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
	the terms of the GNU General Public License (version 3) as published by
	the Free Software Foundation.

	This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
	but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
	MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
	GNU General Public License for more details.

The FreeRTOS source code is licensed by the modified GNU General Public
License (GPL) text provided below.

This is a list of files for which Real Time Engineers Ltd or Hugo Vincent are
not the copyright owner and are NOT COVERED BY THE GPL.

1. Various header files provided by silicon manufacturers and tool vendors
   that define processor specific memory addresses and utility macros.
   Permission has been granted by the various copyright holders for these
   files to be included in the FreeRTOS download.  Users must ensure license
   conditions are adhered to for any use other than compilation of the
   FreeRTOS demo applications.

2. The uIP TCP/IP stack the copyright of which is held by Adam Dunkels.
   Users must ensure the open source license conditions stated at the top
   of each uIP source file is understood and adhered to.

3. Miscellaneous drivers, e.g. for Digi Xbee radios, SD cards etc. License
   text is in those files.


The GPL license text follows:


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		Copyright (C)   

		This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
		it under the terms of the GNU General Public License** as published by
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		(at your option) any later version.

		This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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		You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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	Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

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	This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
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GPL Exception
-------------

Any FreeRTOS source code, whether modified or in it's original release form, or whether
in whole or in part, can only be distributed by you under the terms of the GNU General
Public License plus this exception. An independent module is a module which is not
derived from or based on FreeRTOS.

	EXCEPTION TEXT:
	
	Clause 1

	Linking FreeRTOS statically or dynamically with other modules is making a
	combined work based on FreeRTOS. Thus, the terms and conditions of the GNU
	General Public License cover the whole combination.

	As a special exception, the copyright holder of FreeRTOS gives you permission
	to link FreeRTOS with independent modules that communicate with FreeRTOS
	solely through the FreeRTOS API interface, regardless of the license terms
	of these independent modules, and to copy and distribute the resulting
	combined work under terms of your choice, provided that:

	1) every copy of the combined work is accompanied by a written statement that
	   details to the recipient the version of FreeRTOS used and an offer by
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	2) The combined work is not itself an RTOS, scheduler, kernel or related product.
	3) The independent modules add significant and primary functionality to
	   FreeRTOS and do not merely extend the existing functionality already present
	   in FreeRTOS.
	
	Clause 2
	
	FreeRTOS may not be used for any competitive or comparative purpose, including
	the publication of any form of run time or compile time metric, without the
	express permission of Real Time Engineers Ltd. (this is the norm within the
	industry and is intended to ensure information accuracy).

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