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资源说明：A translation project of Charles Petzold's Programming Windows (5th edition) book samples.
== About Windows Programming in D ==
This is a translation project of Charles Petzold's Programming Windows (5th edition) book
code samples.
The code samples demonstrate the use of Windows API systems, such as GDI and multimedia APIs.
There are over 120 D code samples translated from the original C code samples from the book.
See the `List of Examples and Description` section for more information about what the
examples contain.
This project has been created by Andrej Mitrovic.
Project Homepage: https://github.com/AndrejMitrovic/Windows_Programming_in_D
== Latest Update ==
View the git log for the changesets.
Git log info: http://book.git-scm.com/3_reviewing_history_-_git_log.html
== Building Requirements ==
- Windows XP 32bit or Windows 7 32bit. The current DMD compiler (2.054) cannot compile 64bit
object code. However you should be able to run 32bit executables on a 64bit system.
- DMD v2.054+ compiler or newer. Download DMD from: http://www.digitalmars.com/d/download.html
Usage instructions (nice bookmark): http://d-programming-language.org/dmd-windows.html
Note: Only NT systems are suppported.
Note: The sample code might not be 64bit-ready yet.
== Building ==
- Make sure you've installed DMD and have its DMD2\Windows\Bin directory location in the
PATH environment variable.
If you don't know how to set up environment variables, see this guide:
http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000549.htm
- Build the samples by issuing this call from the command line:
rdmd build.d
Warning: DMD 2.054 has a faulty RDMD which doesn't work on Windows7 systems.
As a workaround use these calls:
dmd build.d
build.exe
- To build only a single example, CD to its directory and run:
rdmd ..\..\..\build.d "%cd%"
- To enable the console and add debug symbols, append debug to the call:
rdmd ..\..\..\build.d "%cd%" debug
Note: The quotes are important
Note: The script will likely emit some warnings, but you don't have to worry about those.
Other options are:
- Clean .obj, .map, .exe files:
rdmd build.d clean
Note: If you can't compile the samples with a newer version of DMD, file a bug report or
send me an e-mail (see the contact section), and I'll fix the samples as soon as possible.
== List of Examples and their Description ==
Note: These samples are described alphabetically, but they might appear in a different order
in the book.
Chap01:
HelloMsg - Creates a simple Dialog Box without a window.
Chap02:
ScrnSize - Shows the screen dimensions in a dialog box.
Chap03:
HelloWin - Create a window class, spawn the window, display text on the screen
and load and play a wave file.
Chap04:
SysMets1 - Display various system metrics: screen dimensions, icon/cursor dimensions,
window sizes, etc.
SysMets2 - Same as above, but adds a scrollbar to view text that doesn't fit in the
window.
SysMets3 - Same as above, but makes the scrollbar smarter by making its size relative
to the contents of a text buffer.
Chap05:
AltWind - Draws points, lines, and rectangles on the screen. Also shows various fill modes.
Bezier - Draws bezier curves which can be dynamically changed with the left or right
mouse buttons.
Clover - Draws a complex Clover shape by using regions and combinations.
DevCaps1 - Displays capabilities of the drawing device (the display screen).
LineDemo - Draws lines, rectangles and ellipses layered on top of each other.
RandRect - Draws random rectangles (time pauses were added to avoid flicker).
SineWave - Draws a full phase of a sine wave.
WhatSize - Displays the size of the window, dynamically reflecting any changes.
Chap06:
KeyView1 - Dynamically displays pressed and released keys over time.
KeyView2 - Same as above, but selects the current system-default font when displaying.
StokFont - Displays an ASCII table in various default fonts. Use the scrollbars to cycle
drawing with different fonts.
SysMets4 - Same as SysMets3, but also enables scrolling via the up/down, pageup/pagedown
keys on the keyboard.
Typer - A simplistic text drawing program which text as it's inputted by the user,
and also responds to the delete, backspace, and tab keys.
Chap07:
BlokOut1 - Draws a filled rectangle in an area dynamically selected by the mouse.
BlokOut2 - Same as above, but also enables drawing even if the mouse is outside the
window area.
Checker1 - Draws rectangles and demonstrates a hitbox tracking method, where the
rectangle hit is drawn over with two diagonal lines.
Checker2 - Same as above, but also enables keyboard control which moves the mouse
cursor to the center of a rectangle.
Checker3 - Same as Checker1, but uses windows for each rectangle and makes a single
window class that handles the hitbox tracking logic.
Checker4 - Same as above, but enables keyboard control and draws a dotted rectangle
which marks the currently selected window by the keyboard.
Connect - Tracks mouse movement when the left button is pressed, stores the coordinates
and then draws lines connecting all the coordinates when the button is released.
SysMets - Same as SysMets4, but also enables scrolling with the mouse wheel.
Chap08:
Beeper1 - Uses a timer to flip between drawing the screen in red and blue colors.
Beeper2 - Same as above, but uses its own custom timer function.
Clock - Draws an analog-style clock which follows the system time.
DigClock - Draws a digital-style clock which follows the system time.
WhatClr - Displays the current color pointed to by the mouse cursor in hexadecimal.
Chap09:
BtnLook - Draws various types of buttons and receiving notification when
the buttons are pressed or when their states are cycled through.
Colors1 - Draws a rectangle filled with a color dynamically set by three scrollbars
which control the Red, Green and Blue values.
Environ - Lists all the Environment Variables in a list box. When a variable is selected,
its contents are also displayed.
head - A custom DOS-style file system browser controled by either the keyboard or the
mouse. Also displays the contents of each file when double-clicked or entered.
OwnDraw - Draws two custom buttons which, when clicked, change the size of the window.
PopPad1 - Instantiates the standard Windows Edit control.
Chap10:
IconDemo - Draws an icon resource which was compiled into the application.
MenuDemo - Instantiates a window with a menu defined from a resource file. Uses menu actions
to change the background color of the window.
NoPopups - Uses a menu which expands its options inline.
PoePoem - Loads and displays a text resource compiled into the application.
PoorMenu - Adds options in the system menu (accessible by clicking the icon in the top-left
corner of the application).
PopMenu - Displays popup submenus.
PopPad2 - Same as PopPad1 but also loads a menu with cut/copy/paste actions.
Chap11:
About1 - Displays a simple about dialog box.
About2 - Displays a dialog box which adds controls to change the background shape and color.
About3 - Displays custom shapes in a dialog box.
Colors2 - Same as Colors1, but places the scrollbars inside their own dialog box.
Colors3 - Instantiates a standard Windows color selection dialog box.
HexCalc - A hex calculator with buttons used for calculations. Can also control it with the
keyboard.
PopPad3 - An enhanced version of the PopPad2 editor, adding searching, file handling and
copy/paste functionality, as well as font selection.
Chap12:
ClipText - A simple clipboard viewer.
ClipView - A dynamic version of the above which automatically displays new clipboard contents.
Chap13 (Note: You can use a virtual printer driver such as CutePDF to print documents to a PDF file)
DevCaps2 - Uses menus to select between displaying various draw/print capable devices,
and their various functions and capabilities.
FormFeed - Feeds a form to a printer device.
PopPad - Same as PopPad3, but also adds printing functionality.
Print1 - Prints a customly drawn shape.
Print2 - Same as above, but adds option to abort printing.
Print3 - Same as Print1, but pops up a dialog box that shows the printing state (Note: this
dialog box closes pretty fast if you're using a virtual printer driver)
Chap14:
BitBlt - Bit-blits an icon loaded from a resource to the screen.
BitMask - Uses a mask to limit drawing an image to an eliptic area.
Blowup - Draws contents from the clipboard and resizes the image to the size of the window.
Bounce - Animates a ball that bounces to the corners of the window.
Bricks1 - Draws a small resource-loaded icon tiled seamlessly on the screen.
Bricks2 - Same as above, but this time draws the icon programmaticaly and then tiles it on the
screen.
Bricks3 - Creates a pattern brush out of a resource-loaded image. This has the added advantage
of avoiding flicker when resizing the window.
GrafMenu - Uses a graphical menu and also demonstrates custom item-selection drawing.
HelloBit - Draws text to a bitmap, and based on a menu item selection either stretches it
or draws it in a pattern and bit-blits it to the screen.
Scramble - Creates a snapshot of the entire screen, and then draws scrambled rectangle sections
for a few seconds.
Sketch - Draws black and white pixels on the screen based on the state of the left and right
mouse buttons.
Stretch - Uses the location of the system menu icon as the source to a bit-blit operation.
It stretches the icon of the system menu to the size of the window.
Chap15:
Apollo11 - Loads bitmap images from the disk and displays them in a window.
DibConv - Converts a Device Independent Bitmap (DIB) to a Device Dependent Bitmap (DDB)
and displays it on the screen.
DibHeads - Displays the header information of a bitmap file.
DibSect - Displays a bitmap in a window.
SeqDisp - Displays a bitmap sequentially, in a row-by-row fashion.
ShowDib1 - Loads and saves a bitmap.
ShowDib2 - Same as above, but adds menu options that can display the image in actual size,
centered, stretched to window, and stretched to window isotropically. Also adds
cut/copy/paste functionality.
Chap16:
The examples from this chapter have not been translated as they cover 8-bit displays,
which no-longer exist.
Chap17:
ChosFont - Displays Unicode text and a list of the currently selected font's properties.
EndJoin - Draws ends and joins of a path.
EZTest - Draws text in increasing sizes and shows its dimensions.
FontClip - Draws paths clipped to some text.
FontFill - Fills the inside of each character drawn.
FontOut1 - Draws an outline of a font's text.
FontOut2 - Same as above, but uses dotted lines instead.
FontRot - Draws text in several degrees rotated on an axis.
Justify1 - Draws left-aligned text with word wrapping functionality.
Justify2 - Draws text which, based on a menu option, can be aligned left, right, centered,
or stretched. The font can be selected.
PickFont - Shows numerous font options which can be used to manipulate how the font is drawn.
UniChars - Similar to Chap06/StokFont, but this time draws characters in a Unicode table.
Chap18:
Emf1 - Creates and displays an enhanced metafile (EMF).
Emf2 - Creates an enhanced metafile, saves it to disk, and then displays it.
Emf3 - Creates non-default pens and brushes and stores it to an EMF.
Emf4 - Draws a bitmap in a metafile device context.
Emf5 - Enumerates individual records of a metafile.
Emf6 - Copies and modifies metafile records before rendering them.
Emf7 - Embeds images into a metafile.
Emf8 - Accurately display a metafile with a proper aspect ratio by using
the sizing information in the header of the metafile.
Emf9 - Uses sizing information from a metafile header to both display the metafile
accurately on the screen, and correctly print it out.
Emf10 - Demonstrates scaling and aspect ratio handling of a metafile.
Emf11 - Uses mapping modes with metafiles.
Emf12 - Shows more usage of mapping modes.
Emf13 - Loads an existing metafile, and uses a mapping mode to calculate
the destionation rectangle.
EmfView - Saves and loads metafiles, and transfers them from and to the clipboard.
Metafile - Creates and shows an old-format metafile.
Chap19:
MDIDemo - Instantiates multiple windows within the main window, and adds options to
align the windows by side, cascade, or maximize. Can instantiate any number
of windows.
Chap20:
Note: C and D multithreaded programming differ in significant ways. These are not
typical examples of programming multithreaded D code, they use globally shared
variables to simulate the C examples.
Techniques such as message passing and thread pools should be used instead of
Windows multithreading API primitives.
Please take a look at the documentation of std.concurrency and std.parallelism for
a better demonstration of multithreaded programming in D.
BigJob1 - Spawns a work thread which does some processing. The foreground thread (which
spawned the work thread) can signal the work thread to stop processing by
changing the state of a global variable. The work load was increased by an
order of magnitude compared to the C example.
BigJob2 - Uses the Windows function WaitForSingleObject to wait for an object to be
signalled.
Multi1 - Creates 4 windows that each have separate window classes. This is a very
minimal form of multithreading, as Windows will attempt to automatically
load-balance the window classes on a multi-core system.
Multi2 - Similar to above, but this time each window class spawns its own work thread.
Based on your system this could significantly improve performance.
RndRctMT - A multithreaded version of Chap05\RandRect, which draws random rectangles
on the screen.
Chap21:
At the time of writing there are various bugs with using D DLLs.
Some of these examples use workarounds to make them compilable.
EdrTest - Implicitly loads a DLL, calls its custom drawing function which draws some
text on the screen.
ShowBit - Explicitly loads a DLL and draws image resources from the DLL.
StrProg - Implicitly loads a DLL which internally stores a list of strings (implemented
as a hash of strings), and which provides functions to add or remove strings.
The application provides menus that allow the user to add or remove strings.
Chap22:
AddSynth - Generates various sound forms, stores them to a file, loads them back and
adds an interface so the user can play them back.
BachTocc - Plays a programmatically generated MIDI sequence.
Drum - A sequencer which has a table interface where the user can activate notes,
change the tempo and volume, and save and load patterns in RIFF format.
KBMidi - Converts PC keyboard key presses into MIDI notes, and plays them back
via the sound card (Make sure to select Status\Open first).
SineWave - Plays back a sinewave at a specific frequency. The frequency can be manipulated
with a horizontal scrollbar.
TestMci - Sends and recieves Media Control Interface (MCI) commands. (Try typing in
"open cdaudio" without the quotes and press enter. Some other commands are:
play cdaudio, pause cdaudio, stop cdaudio, status cdaudio position,
status cdaudio time format).
WakeUp - Generates a pulsating waveform which is used as the sound of an alarm clock.
The alarm clock can be set and the user can wait for the alarm to be set off.
Chap23:
NetTime - Retrieves timing information from various selectable timing servers.
@BUG@: Currently this example doesn't seem to succesfully retrieve any
timing info. The C example doesn't work either.
Extra:
These examples are not part of the book, but custom-made examples to demonstrate some
other parts of the API or some aspect of GDI not covered in the book.
BackBuffer - Uses a simple back-buffer double-buffering mechanism to draw on the screen
without flicker.
== Optional Tools ==
- HTOD: http://www.digitalmars.com/d/2.0/htod.html
HTOD needs to be in your PATH. It's probably best to put it in the \DMD2\Windows\Bin
directory.
- Microsoft RC compiler and header files. Without these the build script will use
precompiled .res files.
- Get it from:
http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/en/details.aspx?FamilyID=c17ba869-9671-4330-a63e-1fd44e0e2505&displaylang=en
- RC needs to be in your PATH if you want to compile resources.
Note: This is a big download, depending on what you select in the setup.
Note: DigitalMars has a resource compiler, but it still requires header files.
See the "Using Resources in D" Tutorial in the Links section.
- Create the RCINCLUDES environment variable and add paths to the header files needed
by the RC resource compiler.
On an XP system these paths could be:
C:\Program Files\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v7.1\Include
C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 10.0\VC\include
C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 10.0\VC\atlmfc\include
Typically the include paths for resource header files are different on each system,
so you will have to adjust these.
Note: The build script will attempt to find these default paths if you don't have
RCINCLUDES already set up.
Note: Setting up an environment variable might require you to log off and log on
again before the build script can pick up the new changes.
- The uncrustify executable bundled with UniversalIndentGUI could be outdated compared to
the latest Uncrustify version.
Please see the Uncrustify homepage in the Links section in this Readme to get the
latest binary or to compile from source.
== Contact ==
Please do not e-mail Charles Petzold about bugs in these examples,
any bugs or inconsistencies in the D examples are entirely my fault.
To contact me, send me a message via Github @ https://github.com/AndrejMitrovic,
or e-mail me at: andrej.mitrovichgmail.com
== Todo ==
- Add 'indent' option to build script to run the indenter on all files or on a
specific project.
- Use -v to track down stray module imports and then remove them.
- Check if examples compile and run on Vista.
- Use with statements where possible.
- Examples in Chap22\todo have not been translated yet.
- Try compiling 64bit binaries via GDC.
- Some examples have a Note at the top, saying they're not tested. They need to be
investigated to see what's wrong.
- Replace calls to wsprintf in Chap18\EmfView18.d with std.string.format(). (Note:
wsprintf returns the length of the written string)
- Get rid of malloc/free calls and replace pointers with arrays where appropriate.
- Replace Windows type aliases like TCHAR to wchar, since we're exclusively using Unicode.
- Replace excessive string copying with saner code. This is mostly caused by my own
lazyness (This will be improved upon later. I mean the examples, not my lazyness :p).
- Go through the Errata pages to see if any examples have resource leaks or other bugs,
and fix the equivalent D examples.
- In many cases variables with Hungarian notation should be renamed. Most pTypeVar
variables no longer reflect their true type.
- For loops should be replaced with foreach loops where this makes sense.
- UpdDemo was not ported since it cannot work due to a missing FTP server. See Errata2 in
the links section, Chapter23.
Note: If you find any bugs that you'd like to fix or just want to improve the examples,
feel free to contribute by forking the repo and making pull requests.
== Acknowledgments ==
My salutes go out to the guys at the WindowsAPI translation project:
http://dsource.org/projects/bindings/wiki/WindowsApi
A Big Thanks to Charles Petzold for writing a fantastic Windows API programming book and
for allowing me to host these code samples online.
And, of course, a Thanks goes to the Microsoft team for building and maintaining the large
family of Windows APIs that still work even after all these years. Cheers!
== Contributors ==
Leonardo Maffi contributed a Python script that got rid of stray parens, thanks!
== Licensing ==
All code examples' original copyright belongs to Charles Petzold.
Please see the answer to the 3rd question here:
http://www.charlespetzold.com/faq.html
== Links ==
D2 Programming Language Homepage: http://d-programming-language.org/
How to make extensionless files open in your editor in WinXP: http://perishablepress.com/press/2006/08/08/associate-extensionless-files-with-notepad/
Note: Also, make sure you hit the 'Open with' button and select your editor.
Programming Windows Homepage: http://www.charlespetzold.com/pw5/
Programming Windows C Code Samples: http://www.charlespetzold.com/books.html
(search for ProgWin5.zip)
Charles Petzold FAQ: http://www.charlespetzold.com/faq.html
Programming Windows Errata #1: http://www.computersciencelab.com/PetzoldErrata.htm
Programming Windows Errata #2: http://www.jasondoucette.com/books/pw5/pw5errata.html
MSDN GDI page: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd145203%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
MSDN list of Windows APIs: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff818516.aspx
Windows API bindings: http://dsource.org/projects/bindings/wiki/WindowsApi
RDMD: http://www.digitalmars.com/d/2.0/rdmd.html
RDMD@github: https://github.com/D-Programming-Language/tools
HTOD: http://www.digitalmars.com/d/2.0/htod.html
DDBG D Debugger: http://ddbg.mainia.de/doc.html
Uncrustify - Code Beautifier: http://sourceforge.net/projects/uncrustify/develop
UniversalIndentGUI - GUI Frontend for Code Beautifiers:
http://universalindent.sourceforge.net/
Using Resources in D Tutorial: http://prowiki.org/wiki4d/wiki.cgi?D__Tutorial/WindowsResources
Unicode Character Viewer: http://rishida.net/scripts/uniview/
== How the examples were ported ==
A few notes about the issues found when porting C code to D can be read about here:
http://www.digitalmars.com/webnews/newsgroups.php?art_group=digitalmars.D.announce&article_id=20764
I've made a stub file which contains the basic WinMain function.
Originally I've made a batch file build script but replaced this with a more safer and faster D
build script which doesn't assume you have all the dependencies and will warn you about
errors.
The porting process is:
- Run Uncrustify on the file to format the code to a specific look.
A configuration file that was used with Uncrustify is provided in the root directory.
- Copy the contents of the stub file, paste it at the top of an existing .c project. Compare to
the .c file's winmain function and see if there's anything different (i.e. the app
might have keyboard translators, or it creates menus and windows programatically,
etc.). Copy any new or changed stuff to our D MyWinMain function.
- If the app uses resources uncomment the "import resource;" statement.
- Change 'appName' string to match the .c file's 'szAppName'. This is important as resources are
usually tied to a name and won't load unless you specify the same name.
- Convert '->' to '.'.
- Change all TCHAR[] types to either strings, and then use toUTF16z when calling WinAPI
functions, or change them to wchar[] if they're going to be written to.
- To call WinAPI functions which require the character length, I've used std.utf.count,
which returns the number of code points. Using the .length field directly would be
incorrect, as that returns the code unit count, not the code point count.
- Change "LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc" to "extern (Windows) LRESULT WndProc"
- Add default cases to all switch statements.
- Change fallbacks to "goto case;" statements (fallbacks are banned in 2.054+)
- Change sizeof(var) to var.sizeof
- Replace inline wsprintf calls such as:
TextOut(hdc, 0, y += cyChar, szBuffer, wsprintf(szBuffer, ("lfWidth = %i"), lf.lfWidth));
to this (also replace any special format specifiers with %s):
szBuffer = format("lfWidht = %s", lf.lfWidth);
TextOut(hdc, 0, y += cyChar, szBuffer.toUTF16z, szBuffer.count);
- Pass static and dynamic arrays by using their .ptr field.
- Floats and Doubles are default-initialized to NaN. This causes hardware halts or throws
exceptions if we forget to initialize them, based on the configuration. A good way to catch
exactly where a fault occured isto use the DDBG debugger.
- Replace GetWindowLong and SetWindowLong with the 64-bit compatible GetWindowLongPtr and
SetWindowLongPtr.
At this point I try to compile the module and typically get some of the following errors:
- linker errors meas we're probably missing a pragma call. E.g. if you import
'import win32.wingdi;', you should also add 'pragma(lib, "gdi32.lib");'. The WindowsAPI
modules each have a pragma at the top which you can copy into your projects.
- Change implicit casts to explicit casts, e.g. (HBRUSH)GetStockObject to
cast(HBRUSH)GetStockObject
- Change assignment of strings to fields that expect pointers by using .toUTF16z
- Change any malloc and free calls to GC.malloc and GC.free (there are plenty left)
- 'PNTR var = GC.malloc()' itself has to be replaced with 'PNTR var =
cast(typeof(var))GC.malloc().
- Change C-style struct initializers with explicit D ctor calls. This is always
problematic to convert, but it helps if your editor supports macros or simultaneous
multiline editing.
- Change C-style multidimensional arrays to D ones. Sometimes it's a simple conversion of
TCHAR[][] to string[].
- Replace calls to TEXT("string") to either ("string") or "string". Either will work,
while the conversion to latter might be harder to automate unless you're a happy regex
hacker.
- Fix implicit conversions of 0 to void*, this won't compile in D so we use null here
instead.
- Sometimes calls to LOWORD and HIWORD have to be casted to a short or some other type.
In some C examples this was missing and produced erratic GUI behavior due to various
implicit unsigned int<>short conversions. (See Chap7/BlokOut2/BlokOut2.c and its
executable for an example. Try making a selection beyond the border of the window to
see the bug.)
- Change static vars to enums where appropriate. Some statics are used as immutable
values in C, in those cases we can use enums (this might not always work due to CTFE
limitations).
- Replace comparisons with null with 'is null' and '!is null'.
- Add any missing imports. There are usually two cases:
1. We're missing a winapi prototype, so we find it in the WindowsAPI library and do an
import to a specific module.
2. There was a .c file with various functions which is used in multiple examples.
Sometimes its missing in the current directory, so I had to copy it from the other
examples.
- Some API calls write to a static array by giving them the .ptr field of such an array.
To retrieve a D string out of such an array, we have to treat it as a wchar*
zero-terminated string. So I've had to write a fromWStringz function for this purpose.
This should all be avoided by writing better code, code like this will be improved later.
Additional changes:
- Put BeginPaint and EndPaint next to each other by using 'scope(exit) EndPaint' after
the call to BeginPaint. Same thing for SelectObject - DeleteObject.
- Speed issues: There was an example or two where the speed of drawing shapes was
extremely fast (the book was written for 1998 machines). In those cases I've added a
call to Thread.sleep() in the example's drawing loop.
- Replace for loops with foreach loops.
Final steps:
- Make sure the example compiles runs the same as the C example (unless the C example was
buggy to begin with). There might be runtime bugs that need to be taken care of, such as:
- Missing menus
- Missing or incorrect icons (e.g. forgot to replace a call like 'LoadIcon(NULL,
IDI_APPLICATION);' to 'LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_INFORMATION);
- Incorrect background color (e.g. used 'wndclass.hbrBackground = cast(HBRUSH)
GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);' instead of 'wndclass.hbrBackground = cast(HBRUSH)
GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH);'
- I could have forgotten to uncomment "import resource;" in the code.
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