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sage

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# Sage: Open Source Mathematical Software

> "Creating a Viable Open Source Alternative to
> Magma, Maple, Mathematica, and MATLAB"

https://www.sagemath.org

The Sage Library is free software released under the
GNU General Public Licence GPLv2+, and included packages
have [compatible software licenses](./COPYING.txt).
[Over 800 people](https://www.sagemath.org/development-map.html)
have contributed code to Sage. In many cases, documentation
for modules and functions list the authors.

Getting Started
---------------

The [Sage Installation Guide](https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/installation/index.html)
provides a decision tree that guides you to the type of installation
that will work best for you.

If you have already cloned the git repository or downloaded the
[sources](https://www.sagemath.org/download-source.html) in the form
of a tarball, please read the self-contained instructions below on how
to build Sage and work around common issues.

If you have questions or encounter problems, please do not hesitate
to email the [sage-support mailing list](https://groups.google.com/group/sage-support)
or ask on the [Ask Sage questions and answers site](https://ask.sagemath.org).

Supported Platforms
-------------------

Sage attempts to support all major Linux distributions, recent versions of
macOS, and Windows (using Windows Subsystem for Linux, Cygwin, or
virtualization).

Detailed information on supported platforms for a specific version of Sage
can be found in the section "Availability and installation help" of the
[release tour](https://wiki.sagemath.org/ReleaseTours) for this version.

We highly appreciate contributions to Sage that fix portability bugs
and help port Sage to new platforms; let us know at the [sage-devel
mailing list](https://groups.google.com/group/sage-devel).

Docker Images
-------------

You can also have a look at our Docker images to run Sage.
To use these images,
[install Docker](https://www.docker.com/community-edition#/download)
and follow the instructions on
[our Docker Hub page](https://hub.docker.com/r/sagemath/sagemath/).

[Windows] Preparing the Platform
--------------------------------

The preferred way to run Sage on Windows is using the [Windows Subsystem for
Linux](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/faq), which allows
you to install a standard Linux distribution such as Ubuntu within
your Windows. Then all instructions for installation in Linux apply.

As an alternative, you can also run Linux on Windows using Docker (see
above) or other virtualization solutions.

Finally, Sage also works on the 64-bit version of `Cygwin
`_. If you wish to use Cygwin, use the following
instructions to get started.

1. Download [cygwin64](https://cygwin.com/install.html) (do not get
the 32-bit version; it is not supported by Sage).

2. Run the `setup-x86_64.exe` graphical installer. Pick the default
options in most cases. At the package selection screen, use the
search bar to find and select at least the following packages:
`bzip2`, `coreutils`, `curl`, `gawk`, `gzip`, `tar`, `wget`, `git`.

3. Start the Cygwin terminal and ensure you get a working bash prompt.

4. Make sure the path of your Cygwin home directory does not contain
space characters.

By default, your username in Cygwin is the same as your username in
Windows. This might contain spaces and other traditionally
non-UNIX-friendly characters, e.g., if it is your full name. You
can check this as follows:

$ whoami
Erik M. Bray

This means your default home directory on Cygwin contains this
username verbatim; in the above example, `/home/Erik M. Bray`.
It will save some potential trouble if you change your Cygwin home
directory to contain only alphanumeric characters, for example,
`/home/embray`. The easiest way to do this is to first create
the home directory you want to use instead, then create an
`/etc/passwd` file specifying that directory as your home, as follows:

$ whocanibe=embray
$ mkdir /home/$whocanibe
$ mkpasswd.exe -l -u "$(whoami)" | sed -r 's,/home/[^:]+,/home/'$whocanibe, > /etc/passwd

After this, close all Cygwin terminals (ensure nothing in
`C:\cygwin64` is running), then start a new Cygwin terminal and
your home directory should have moved.

There are [other ways to do
this](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1494658/how-can-i-change-my-cygwin-home-folder-after-installation),
but the above seems to be the simplest that's still supported.

5. Install the package manager `apt-cyg`:

$ curl -OL https://rawgit.com/transcode-open/apt-cyg/master/apt-cyg
$ install apt-cyg /usr/local/bin
$ rm -f apt-cyg

[macOS] Preparing the Platform
------------------------------

If your Mac uses the Apple Silicon (M1, arm64) architecture:

- If you set up your Mac by transfering files from an older Mac, make sure
that the directory ``/usr/local`` does not contain an old copy of Homebrew
(or other software) for the x86_64 architecture that you may have copied
over. Note that Homebrew for the M1 is installed in ``/opt/homebrew``, not
``/usr/local``.

- If you wish to use conda, please see the [section on
conda](https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/installation/conda.html) in the Sage
Installation Manual for guidance.

- Otherwise, using Homebrew ("the missing package manager for macOS") from
https://brew.sh/ required because it provides a version of ``gfortran`` with
necessary changes for this platform that are not in a released upstream
version of GCC. (The ``gfortran`` package that comes with the Sage
distribution is not suitable for the M1.)

If your Mac uses the Intel (x86_64) architecture:

- If you wish to use conda, please see the [section on
conda](https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/installation/conda.html) in the Sage
Installation Manual for guidance.

- Otherwise, we strongly recommend to use Homebrew ("the missing package
manager for macOS") from https://brew.sh/, which provides the ``gfortran``
compiler and many libraries.

- Otherwise, if you do not wish to install Homebrew, you will need to install
the latest version of Xcode Command Line Tools. Open a terminal window and
run `xcode-select --install`; then click "Install" in the pop-up window. If
the Xcode Command Line Tools are already installed, you may want to check if
they need to be updated by typing `softwareupdate -l`.

Instructions to Build from Source
---------------------------------

Like many other software packages, Sage is built from source using
`./configure`, followed by `make`. However, we strongly recommend to
read the following step-by-step instructions for building Sage.

The instructions cover all of Linux, macOS, and Cygwin.

More details, providing a background for these instructions, can be found
in the [section "Install from Source Code"](https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/installation/source.html).
in the Installation Guide.

1. Decide on the source/build directory (`SAGE_ROOT`):

- On personal computers, any subdirectory of your :envvar:`HOME`
directory should do.

- For example, you could use `SAGE_ROOT=~/sage/sage-x.y`, which we
will use as the running example below, where `x.y` is the
current Sage version.

- You need at least 10 GB of free disk space.

- The full path to the source directory must contain **no spaces**.

- After starting the build, you cannot move the source/build
directory without breaking things.

- You may want to avoid slow filesystems such as
[network file systems (NFS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System)
and the like.

- [macOS] macOS allows changing directories without using exact capitalization.
Beware of this convenience when compiling for macOS. Ignoring exact
capitalization when changing into :envvar:`SAGE_ROOT` can lead to build
errors for dependencies requiring exact capitalization in path names.

- [Cygwin] Avoid building in home directories of Windows domain
users or in paths with capital letters.

2. Download/unpack or clone the sources.

- Go to https://www.sagemath.org/download-source.html, select a mirror,
and download the file :file:`sage-x.y.tar.gz`.

This compressed archive file contains the source code for Sage and
the source for all programs on which Sage depends.

- After downloading the source tarball `sage-x.y.tar.gz` into
`~/sage/`:

$ cd ~/sage/
$ tar xf sage-x.y.tar.gz # adapt x.y; takes a while

This creates the subdirectory `sage-x.y`. Now change into it:

$ cd sage-x.y/ # adapt x.y

- [Git] Alternatively, and required for Sage development, clone the Sage
git repository:

$ ORIG=https://github.com/sagemath/sage.git
$ git clone -c core.symlinks=true --branch develop --tags $ORIG

This will create the directory `sage`. (See the section
[Setting up git](https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/developer/git_setup.html)
and the following sections in the Sage Developer's Guide
for more information.)

Change into it and pick the branch you need, typically
the latest development branch:

$ cd sage
$ git checkout develop

- [Windows] The Sage source tree contains symbolic links, and the
build will not work if Windows line endings rather than UNIX
line endings are used.

Therefore it is crucial that you unpack the source tree from the
Cygwin (or WSL) `bash` using the Cygwin (or WSL) `tar` utility
and not using other Windows tools (including mingw). Likewise,
when using `git`, it is recommended (but not necessary) to use
the Cygwin (or WSL) version of `git`.

3. [Linux, Cygwin] Install the required minimal build prerequisites.

- Compilers: `gcc`, `gfortran`, `g++` (a recent enough matching
set of these three will avoid building Sage-specific compilers).
See the Installation Manual for a discussion of suitable compilers.

- Build tools: GNU `make`, GNU `m4`, `perl` (including
``ExtUtils::MakeMaker``), `ranlib`, `git`, `tar`, `bc`.

- Python 3.4 or later, or Python 2.7, a full installation including
`urllib`; but ideally version 3.7.x, 3.8.x, 3.9.x, or 3.10.x, which
will avoid having to build Sage's own copy of Python 3.

We have collected lists of system packages that provide these build
prerequisites. See, in the folder
[build/pkgs/_prereq/distros](build/pkgs/_prereq/distros),
the files
[arch.txt](build/pkgs/_prereq/distros/arch.txt),
[cygwin.txt](build/pkgs/_prereq/distros/cygwin.txt),
[debian.txt](build/pkgs/_prereq/distros/debian.txt)
(also for Ubuntu, Linux Mint, etc.),
[fedora.txt](build/pkgs/_prereq/distros/fedora.txt)
(also for Red Hat, CentOS),
[opensuse.txt](build/pkgs/_prereq/distros/opensuse.txt),
[slackware.txt](build/pkgs/_prereq/distros/slackware.txt), and
[void.txt](build/pkgs/_prereq/distros/void.txt), or visit
https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/spkg/_prereq.html#spkg-prereq

4. [Git] If you plan to work with ticket branches that make changes
to packages, install the bootstrapping prerequisites. See the
files in the folder
[build/pkgs/_bootstrap/distros](build/pkgs/_bootstrap/distros), or
visit
https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/spkg/_bootstrap.html#spkg-bootstrap

5. [Git] If you cloned the Sage repository using `git`, bootstrap the
source tree using the following command:

$ make configure

(If the bootstrapping prerequisites are not installed, this command will
download a package providing pre-built bootstrap output instead.)

6. Optionally, decide on the installation prefix (`SAGE_LOCAL`):

- Traditionally, and by default, Sage is installed into the
subdirectory hierarchy rooted at `SAGE_ROOT/local/`.

- This can be changed using `./configure --prefix=SAGE_LOCAL`,
where `SAGE_LOCAL` is the desired installation prefix, which
must be writable by the user.

- Note that in Sage's build process, `make` builds **and**
installs (`make install` is a no-op). Therefore the
installation hierarchy must be writable by the user.

- See the installation manual for options if you want to
install into shared locations such as `/usr/local/`.
Do not attempt to build Sage as `root`.

7. Optional: It is recommended that you have both LaTeX and
the ImageMagick tools (e.g. the "convert" command) installed
since some plotting functionality benefits from them.

8. Optionally, review the configuration options, which includes
many optional packages:

$ ./configure --help

Some notable options for Sage developers are the following:

- Use `./configure --enable-editable` to configure the Sage distribution
to install the Sage library in "develop" ("editable", "in-place") mode
instead of using the Sage library's custom incremental build system.

It has the benefit that to try out changes to Python files, one does not
need to run `./sage -b` any more; restarting Sage is enough. It may also
have benefits in certain develop environments that get confused by
sagelib's custom build system.

Note that in an editable install, the source directory will be cluttered
with build artifacts (but they are `.gitignored`). This is normal.

- Use `./configure --enable-download-from-upstream-url` to allow
downloading packages from their upstream URL if they cannot (yet) be
found on the Sage mirrors. This is useful for trying out ticket branches
that make package upgrades.

9. Optional, but highly recommended: Set some environment variables to
customize the build.

For example, the `MAKE` environment variable controls whether to
run several jobs in parallel. On a machine with 4 processors, say,
typing `export MAKE="make -j4"` will configure the build script to
perform a parallel compilation of Sage using 4 jobs. On some
powerful machines, you might even consider `-j16`, as building with
more jobs than CPU cores can speed things up further.

To reduce the terminal output during the build, type `export V=0`.
(`V` stands for "verbosity".)

Some environment variables deserve a special mention: `CC`,
`CXX` and `FC`. These variables defining your compilers
can be set at configuration time and their values will be recorded for
further use at build time and runtime.

For an in-depth discussion of more environment variables for
building Sage, see [the installation
guide](https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/installation/source.html#environment-variables).

10. Type `./configure`, followed by any options that you wish to use.
For example, to build Sage with `gf2x` package supplied by Sage,
use `./configure --with-system-gf2x=no`.

At the end of a successful `./configure` run, you may see messages
recommending to install extra system packages using your package
manager.

For a large [list of Sage
packages](https://trac.sagemath.org/ticket/27330), Sage is able to
detect whether an installed system package is suitable for use with
Sage; in that case, Sage will not build another copy from source.

Sometimes, the messages will recommend to install packages that are
already installed on your system. See the earlier configure
messages or the file `config.log` for explanation. Also, the
messages may recommend to install packages that are actually not
available; only the most recent releases of your distribution will
have all of these recommended packages.

11. Optional: If you choose to install the additional system packages,
a re-run of `./configure` will test whether the versions installed
are usable for Sage; if they are, this will reduce the compilation
time and disk space needed by Sage. The usage of packages may be
adjusted by `./configure` parameters (check again the output of
`./configure --help`).

12. Type `make`. That's it! Everything is automatic and
non-interactive.

If you followed the above instructions, in particular regarding the
installation of system packages recommended by the output of
`./configure` (step 10), and regarding the parallel build (step 9),
building Sage takes less than one hour on a modern computer.
(Otherwise, it can take much longer.)

The build should work fine on all fully supported platforms. If it
does not, we want to know!

13. Type `./sage` to try it out. In Sage, try for example `2 + 2`,
`plot(x^2)`, `plot3d(lambda x, y: x*y, (-1, 1), (-1, 1))`
to test a simple computation and plotting in 2D and 3D.
Type Ctrl+D or `quit` to quit Sage.

14. Optional: Type `make ptestlong` to test all examples in the documentation
(over 200,000 lines of input!) -- this takes from 10 minutes to
several hours. Don't get too disturbed if there are 2 to 3 failures,
but always feel free to email the section of `logs/ptestlong.log` that
contains errors to the [sage-support mailing list](https://groups.google.com/group/sage-support).
If there are numerous failures, there was a serious problem with your build.

15. The HTML version of the [documentation](https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/index.html)
is built during the compilation process of Sage and resides in the directory
`local/share/doc/sage/html/`. You may want to bookmark it in your browser.

16. Optional: If you want to build the PDF version of the documentation,
run `make doc-pdf` (this requires LaTeX to be installed).

17. Optional: Install optional packages of interest to you:
get a list by typing `./sage --optional` or by visiting the
[packages documentation page](https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/spkg/).

18. Optional: Create a symlink to the `sage` executable somewhere in your
`PATH`, so you can start Sage by typing `sage` from anywhere rather
than having to either type the full path or navigate to the Sage
directory and type `./sage`. This can be done by running:

$ ln -s $HOME/sage/sage-x.y/sage /usr/local/bin

The `$HOME/sage/sage-x.y/` part may need adapting. One way to decide
how to adapt it is to run `print(SAGE_ROOT)` in a Sage session.

Troubleshooting
---------------

If you have problems building Sage, check the Sage Installation Guide,
as well as the version-specific Sage Installation FAQ in the [Sage Release
Tour](https://wiki.sagemath.org/ReleaseTours) corresponding to the
version that you are installing.

Please do not hesitate to ask for help in the [SageMath forum
](https://ask.sagemath.org/questions/) or the [sage-support mailing
list](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/sage-support). The
[Troubleshooting section in the Sage Installation Guide
](https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/installation/troubles.html)
provides instructions on what information to provide so that we can provide
help more effectively.

Contributing to Sage
--------------------

If you'd like to contribute to Sage, we strongly recommend that you read the
[Developer's Guide](https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/developer/index.html).

Sage has significant components written in the following languages:
C/C++, Python, Cython, Common Lisp, Fortran, and a bit of Perl.

Directory Layout
----------------

Simplified directory layout (only essential files/directories):
```
SAGE_ROOT Root directory (sage-x.y in Sage tarball)
├── build
│ └── pkgs Every package is a subdirectory here
│ ├── 4ti2/
│ …
│ └── zn_poly/
├── configure Top-level configure script
├── COPYING.txt Copyright information
├── pkgs Source trees of Python distribution packages
│ ├── sage-conf
│ │ ├── sage_conf.py
│ │ └── setup.py
│ ├── sage-docbuild
│ │ ├── sage_docbuild/
│ │ └── setup.py
│ ├── sage-setup
│ │ ├── sage_setup/
│ │ └── setup.py
│ ├── sage-sws2rst
│ │ ├── sage_sws2rst/
│ │ └── setup.py
│ └── sagemath-standard
│ ├── bin/
│ ├── sage -> ../../src/sage
│ └── setup.py
├── local (SAGE_LOCAL) Installation hierarchy for non-Python packages
│ ├── bin Executables
│ ├── include C/C++ headers
│ ├── lib Shared libraries, architecture-dependent data
│ ├── share Databases, architecture-independent data, docs
│ │ └── doc Viewable docs of Sage and of some components
│ └── var
│ ├── lib/sage
│ │ ├── installed/
│ │ │ Records of installed non-Python packages
│ │ ├── scripts/ Scripts for uninstalling installed packages
│ │ └── venv-python3.9 (SAGE_VENV)
│ │ │ Installation hierarchy (virtual environment)
│ │ │ for Python packages
│ │ ├── bin/ Executables and installed scripts
│ │ ├── lib/python3.9/site-packages/
│ │ │ Python modules/packages are installed here
│ │ └── var/lib/sage/
│ │ └── wheels/
│ │ Python wheels for all installed Python packages
│ │
│ └── tmp/sage/ Temporary files when building Sage
├── logs
│ ├── install.log Full install log
│ └── pkgs Build logs of individual packages
│ ├── alabaster-0.7.12.log
│ …
│ └── zn_poly-0.9.2.log
├── m4 M4 macros for generating the configure script
│ └── *.m4
├── Makefile Running "make" uses this file
├── prefix -> SAGE_LOCAL Convenience symlink to the installation tree
├── README.md This file
├── sage Script to start Sage
├── src Monolithic Sage library source tree
│ ├── bin/ Scripts that Sage uses internally
│ ├── doc/ Sage documentation sources
│ └── sage/ The Sage library source code
├── upstream Source tarballs of packages
│ ├── Babel-2.9.1.tar.gz
│ …
│ └── zn_poly-0.9.2.tar.gz
├── venv -> SAGE_VENV Convenience symlink to the virtual environment
└── VERSION.txt
```
For more details see [our Developer's Guide](https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/developer/coding_basics.html#files-and-directory-structure).

Build System
------------

This is a brief summary of the Sage software distribution's build system.
There are two components to the full Sage system--the Sage Python library
and its associated user interfaces, and the larger software distribution of
Sage's main dependencies (for those dependencies not supplied by the user's
system).

Sage's Python library is built and installed using a `setup.py` script as is
standard for Python packages (Sage's `setup.py` is non-trivial, but not
unusual).

Most of the rest of the build system is concerned with building all of Sage's
dependencies in the correct order in relation to each other. The dependencies
included by Sage are referred to as SPKGs (i.e. "Sage Packages") and are listed
under `build/pkgs`.

The main entrypoint to Sage's build system is the top-level `Makefile` at the
root of the source tree. Unlike most normal projects that use autoconf (Sage
does as well, as described below), this `Makefile` is not generated. Instead,
it contains a few high-level targets and targets related to bootstrapping the
system. Nonetheless, we still run `make ` from the root of the source
tree--targets not explicitly defined in the top-level `Makefile` are passed
through to another Makefile under `build/make/Makefile`.

The latter `build/make/Makefile` *is* generated by an autoconf-generated
`configure` script, using the template in `build/make/Makefile.in`. This
includes rules for building the Sage library itself (`make sagelib`), and for
building and installing each of Sage's dependencies (e.g. `make gf2x`).

The `configure` script itself, if it is not already built, can be generated by
running the `bootstrap` script (the latter requires _GNU autotools_ being installed).
The top-level `Makefile` also takes care of this automatically.

To summarize, running a command like `make python3` at the top-level of the
source tree goes something like this:

1. `make python3`
2. run `./bootstrap` if `configure` needs updating
3. run `./configure` with any previously configured options if `build/make/Makefile`
needs updating
4. change directory into `build/make` and run the `install` script--this is
little more than a front-end to running `make -f build/make/Makefile python3`,
which sets some necessary environment variables and logs some information
5. `build/make/Makefile` contains the actual rule for building `python3`; this
includes building all of `python3`'s dependencies first (and their
dependencies, recursively); the actual package installation is performed
with the `sage-spkg` program

Relocation
----------

It is not supported to move the `SAGE_ROOT` or `SAGE_LOCAL` directory
after building Sage. If you do move the directories, you will have to
build Sage again from scratch.

If you copy the `sage` script or make a symbolic link to it, you
should modify the script to reflect this (as instructed at the top of
the script). It is important that the path to Sage does not have any
spaces and non-ASCII characters in it.

For a system-wide installation, you have to build Sage as a "normal" user
and then as root you can change permissions. Afterwards, you need to start up
Sage as root at least once prior to using the system-wide Sage as a
normal user. See the [Installation Guide](https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/installation/source.html#installation-in-a-multiuser-environment)
for further information.

Redistribution
--------------

Your local Sage install is almost exactly the same as any "developer"
install. You can make changes to documentation, source, etc., and very
easily package the complete results up for redistribution just like we
do.

1. To make a binary distribution with your currently installed packages,
visit [sagemath/binary-pkg](https://github.com/sagemath/binary-pkg).

2. To make your own source tarball of Sage, type:

$ make dist

The result is placed in the directory `dist/`.

Changes to Included Software
----------------------------

All software included with Sage is copyrighted by the respective authors
and released under an open source license that is __GPL version 3 or
later__ compatible. See [COPYING.txt](./COPYING.txt) for more details.

Sources are in unmodified (as far as possible) tarballs in the
`upstream/` directory. The remaining description, version
information, patches, and build scripts are in the accompanying
`build/pkgs/` directory. This directory is
part of the Sage git repository.

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