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资源说明：notes and stuff regarding the history of art from 30,000 BCE through 1870ish
# Art History: 40,000 BCE => 18xx
## Andrew Monks
These are my notes for World Cultures And Civilizations 1001 at [SAIC](http://saic.edu).
You can find the most recent version of this document [on Github](http://andrewjmonks.github.com/saic-world-cultures-and-civilizations-1001/)
## General
* final is not cumulative
* midnight due dates
* MLA style
## Links
* [arthistoryresources.net](http://arthistoryresources.net/)
* [metmuseum.org](http://metmuseum.org/toah)
* [artcyclopedia.com](http://artcyclopedia.com/)
## -isms
### Naturalism
old school christian art, depict things as "we" see them, totes subjective
### Idealism
Abercrombie; god; the king
### Realism
Depicts things as they appear, historically not very popular
### Expressionism
Strategizes for emotion
### Illusionism
Hyper-realism; sidewalk guy. Very rare.
### Romanticism
Expressionism on crack; nostalgic, emotional, fanciful, mysterious, very subjective.
## Prehistory: 40,000 BCE => 30,000 BCE
### info
* peeps were nomadic
* "cavemen" is a myth: lived in caves only on rainy days
* **ars mobile** art was small 'cuz they had to carry it around
* art was intentional + purpose-built
* depicted animals, women ('cuz women are magic)
* animals were sculpted in deep caves (wombs?)
* maybe to help with hunt?
* maybe to document success?
* who knows.
### art
* Venus Of Willendorf
* 
* austrian fat lady sculpture
* ***in the round**: opposite of relief, all angles
* 4" high, represents fertility
* **effegy**: no face, represents women in general
* depicted in red (ochre) 'cuz menstruation
* Relief Of Woman
* 
* Holding Bison Horn (penis)
* or crescent moon (cuz moon = menstruation cycle)
## Mesolithic!: 8,000 BCE => 6,000/4,000 BCE
### info
* nomads kept coming back to the same place, invented:
* agriculture
* maize in americas
* melons in mesopotamia
* millet, rice, barley in china
* tubers (potatoes)
* animal husbandry
* sheepgoats, cattle, pigs
* permanent settlements (near rivers / bodies of water)
* world was heating up, the sahara became arid (as now)
* people flocked to a few fertile zones:
* nile delta
* mesopotamia
* war
* wealth divides
* ceremonial burial, stuff to bring to afterlife for rich
* poor people stuck in ground empty-handed
* specialization / trade
* farming was real complex, so a farmer couldn't also handle the military, etc
* farmers still made all the money, so god invented taxes!
* farmers make money, give it to priestking. priestking then distributes wealth among non-farmers
* more small sculpture and wall paintings
* beginning of **monumental** architecture (larger than life)
* hierarchies
* social stratification
* sacred space
* anything bigger than a person-sized hut is monumental
### art
* female statuette
* 
* Samarra, Iraq. 6,000 BCE
* white color (gypsum)
* cuz breastmilk
* similar to #Venus Of Willendorf
* no face (cuz everybody)
* no feet (cuz who cares)
* colored banding around body/legs
* cuz why not
* Jericho!
* 
* moses cheated (made magic water for people)
* so Joshua had to lead people in
* HUGE walls (70 feet tall, v thick)
* ca 8,000 BCE => 7,000 BCE
* Creepy Human Figure
* 
* about 3 feet tall
* has a face!
* made out of reeds packed together, smoothed with mud, then painted with plaster and inlaid with cowrie shells
* from Ain Ghazal, Jordan
* death proxy: bodies weren't recovered so you bury this dude instead
* cuz post-kill desecration was popular
* eyes made out of cowrie shells
* window to the soul (oooOOOOoooOOoohhh)
* nose
* cuz that's where the spirit comes in/out
## Neolithic (New Stone Age): 6,000/4,000 BCE => 2,000 BCE
### info
* Development of **cultures** (as opposed to towns)
* **forging** of copper weapons
* takes forever
* only for rich people
* everyone else rocked obsidian/stone
* consolidation of political and economic **power** under semi-divine leaders
* **WRITING** pictographic
* in Egypt, China, Mesopotamia
* artist is now a job
* specializations ensue:
* painting
* sculpture
* jewelry
* architecture
* distinctive cultural styles
* re: art, architecture
* deity seated on a throne flanked by two lionesses
* 
* Çatal Höyük
* 6,000 BCE
* fat lady in chair made out of lionesses
* chair means high status
* lionesses mean protecting your young, hunting
* religion moves towards men
* used to be all-women cuz fertility
* bulls (men) cuz big penis
* erection represents growing and shrinking wheat crops (¿seriously?)
* __*Du et Des*__
* I give so that you (gods) give
### places
* Schematic reconscrution drawing of a section of Level VI, **Çatal Höyük**, Turkey
* 
* all buildings connected internally, no streets or exterior doors
* streets are horrible for defense
### art
* Menhir
* 
* big phallic symbol sticking into ground
* Champ-Dolent, France (Gaul)
* 4,000 BCE
* Celtic
* precursur to may day!
* virgins dancing around may pole
* **bull** altar (reconstruction)
* from Çatal Hüyük
* 6,000 BCE
* room as part of house (church+home in same room!)
* bull skulls on walls
* Stone Henge
* 
* henge means circle
* Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England
* 2,550 BCE - 1,600 BCE
* 97' in diameter
* 24' high
* Posts and lintils
* China doesn't have these cuz they invented cantelievered beams cuz earthquakes
* **trilython** (three stones)
* death-place
* more than 50 burials nearby
* lined up (spokes) with the trilythons
* 5 km away they had Woodhenge
* same exact shape except made of wood instead of stone
* about life instead of death (cuz wood is alive, stone is not)
* very echoey / acoustic design
* big echo chamber
## Ancient Near Eastern Art: Mesopotamia: 5,000 BCE => 331 BCE
### info
* Land between two rivers
* the zone between the tigris and euphrates rivers, and the black sea and persian gulf
* Not a nation state, but a collection of small warring cities
* agro-based economy
* city states ruled by semi-divine kings, polytheistic religious systems (cults)
* **CULT**: hidden religious practice
* architecture was mainly mud-brick, stone (all imported) was reserved for royal statuary (gods and kings)
* art
* jewelry
* ceramics (vessels and tiles)
* textiles
* metallurgy
* stiff abstract compositions, usualyl in profile or frontal
* super conservative, no nudes
* highly stylized depictions of people
* kings didn't actually dress like drag queens with tons of gold
* if you weren't a eunuch you had a beard
* eunuchs: guarded the harem, moved pretty far up in society (see also: game of thrones)
* **Composite**
* definition 1
* a figure that is composed of contradictory angles (cubist) so the majority of the figure is best represented
* relief sculpture: presented in profile, particularly in ancient mesopotamian and egyptian art
* torso and eyes from front, limbs and head in profile
* definition 2
* a figure that is "composed" of contradictory elements, such as animal and human parts that could never occur in nature
* the definition of composite figures applies to both relief sculptures and sculpture in the round; they are usually mythological creatures embodying the spiritual powers of the animal and the human world to symbolize the universal functions of the gods or spiritual/political nature of the king
* ie RA: has a hawk head cuz hawks hang out near the sun
* Mesopotamians p much determined everything based on the stars
* Kings were servants as much as servants were:
* soo much ritual
* servant to the gods
* mad required shit
* very very opulent culture
* when the greeks came in they thought mesopotamian men were effeminate cuz makeup, scented oils, fancy outfits
### List of Cultures of Mesopotamia:
* Sumer
* Akkad
* Elamites
* Babylonia
* Hittites
* Assyria
* badasses of the ancient near east
* killed err'body
* Neo-Babylonia
* babylonia take 2
* persia
* greeks called them Achæmenids
### places
* citadel of sargon ii
* 
* 720-705 BCE
* Persepolis
* 
* rise of persians (post babylon)
* **cosmopolitan** empire: came into territory, conquered it, then let the king keep ruling provided he paid the persians a bunch of money whenever they felt like it
* universal city
* most beautiful city ever
* ruled by darius III
* eventually conquered by Alexander The Great (who became master of the world by age 32)
* got drunk with some concubines who were like "hey so you know how you own the whole world? who needs this city!" so he burned it down completely.
* VERY MUCH not his style: he was *that* hammered.
### art
* female head (inanna?)
* 
* from Uruk (modern Warka), Iraq
* 32,000-3000 BCE
* marble
* 8" high
* Warka Vase
* 
* presentation of offerings to Inanna
* from Uruk, Iraq
* 3,200 - 3,000 BCE
* Alabaster
* Statuettes of two worshipers
* 
* from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar), Iraq
* 2,700 BCE
* Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone
* tallest figure 2'
* big eyes open to god
* dude wearing pleated lambskin dress
* lady wearing sari
* Bull headed lyre
* 
* from tomb 789 (King's Grave), Royal Cemetary, Ur (modern Tell Muqayyar), Iraq
* 2600 BCE
* gold leaf, lapis lazuli, and shell
* bull head with beard also C C C COMBO!
* 
* real fancy soundbox, depicting Enkidu
* you can tell cuz he's naked, which would normally make him a slave but he's wrestling bulls so he's probably not a slave. The only naked dude who isn't a slave is Enkidu (gilgamesh's bro)
* Head of akkadian ruler
* 
* idealised image
* propaganda
* from Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik), Iraq
* 2250-2200 BCE
* copper
* a foot tall
* super stylish beard
* probably curled with copper rods
* maybe bells in it
* dipped in scented oil
* oh yeah.
* Victory stele of Naram-Sin
* 
* important because naram-sin (the king) was depicted with bull horns
* this makes him a god (a living god)
* Ziggurat of Ur
* 
* exhibits **frontality**
* you sure know where the front door is
* Stele with law code
* 
* from Susa, Iran
* back in the day if you thought someone wronged you, you had to pay a scribe to go read the law to you.
* for example if a builder built you a house and it toppled down killing your family, he and his family would have to chill in his house while you toppled it down. killing him and his family.
* depicts Shamash (sun god) (god of gods) giving architectural tools to Hammurabi
* You can not build a proper house without proper tools; you can not build a proper society without proper laws.
* lamassu pair
* 
* the king on a bull, twice, guarding the door
* very tall, and looking down so you cower.
* kinda like lions next to door
* ashurnasirpal II with attendants and soldier
* 875-860 BCE
* glazed brick
* foot tall
* depicts king followed by eunuch (no beard) archer
* eunuch means he was conditioned from youth to be an administrator/advisor
* archer cuz eunuchs had that kinda build
* ishtar gate
* 
* made by Nebuchadnezzar
* also made the hanging gardens of babylon (for his wife semiramis)
* 575 BCE
* glazed brick
* Babylon, Iraq
* entrance to the city of Babylon
## egypt real quick
* the pyramids were built by conscripted peasants, not slaves. **ON EXAM.**
* they had to work real hard but they also got dat *respek*
* also they were paid food and beer (cuz money wasn't really a thing at the time)
* and that's why the old kingdom went bankrupt and failed
## da greek ISLANDZ! *this was when everyhting changed*
### info
* they made idealist sculptures of men!
* they pretty much invented modern post-renaissance culture
* if you were the king and you signed a treaty with another king you'd trade some daughters (as concubines) and then stop fighting cuz family!
### places
* the cyclades!
* they use local marble and stone to make people
* their people were depicted in a distinct way that's still p trendy
* the minoans!
* extremely chill dudes
* posted up in Crete
* they liked to hang out on boats.
* they were pretty much in charge of the ocean, they traded like crazy, had boss navies, and generally rocked it out.
* art was influenced by the sea: saturated primary colors, fluid lines, playful and childlike tone
* they rocked two written languages: linear A, and linear B.
* we can't read linear A, but we can read linear B.
* pretty casual about clothes (or lack thereof)
* King Minos was in charge
* according to greeks a buncha years later, he forgot to do some sacrifices or some shit and the gods got pissy and made his wife fall for a bull and their baby was the MINOTAUR!
* they kept him in the castle, which was sooooo complex (1200 years of kings each adding their own shit) that l8r greeks thought it was a labyrinth
* 
* their columns were ice-cream-conical, usually with thingies on top.
* maybe cuz earthquakes?
* literally atlantis: the whole island sank overnight cuz volcanoes suck, they were wayyyyy more advanced than anyone else in the area when it happened. plato wrote about this a thousand years later
* the mycenaeans!
* huge assholes, opposite of minoans
* super land-based
* cities with walls around 'em
* warrior kings
* they weren't really into art…
* their architecture was lazy, boring, and generally unimpressive
* they worship an all-powerful sky-god
### art
* Cycladean Lady
* 
* from the **cyclades** and depicted in traditional cycladean style
* figures like this were often buried with people (cuz what's heaven without *bitches,* man
* Cycladean Lyre Player
* .jpg)
* the royal harpist (u kno he's royal cuz he gets a chair)
* buried with the king so he could enjoy some music with his afterlife concubines.
* Minoan Snake Goddess
* 
* **minoan** lady from the palace at knossos (crete), 1600 bce
* either the snake goddess or a priestess of the snake goddess
* recognized that women meant bizness as much as men
* big white breasts cuz milk
* vagina icons over relevant region of dress
* red yellow and blue (primary colors)
* cat (or rabbit, hard to tell) on her head cuz cats and rabbits bang a lot
* holding snakes (penises) cuz she's *in charge*
* Lady Jumping Over Bull
* 
* ok this one's some serious shit. the lady grabs the bull by the horns (penis), JUMPS AND DOES A BACKFLIP onto the bull, then jumps again and lands behind it. LIKE A BOSS.
* **TRUE FRESCO** means fresco painted on **wet** plaster, took a year to dry but colors stayed forever
* michaelangelo did this also
* Flotilla
* 
* trading ship (cuz no shields)
* also jumping (flying?) dolphins cuz they protect sailors
* Landscape With Swallows
* 
* serious dr seuss shit right hurr
* Mycenean funeral mask
* 
* **myceneans** didn't make much stuff, and when they did make stuff it was for a specific reason. like this funeral mask for the king. You can tell he's the king cuz A) his mask is made of gold (like the sun (like the king)) and B) cuz he has a mane (like a lion (like the sun (like the king)))
* official universal animal symbol for king is now the lion instead of the bull. Thanks Myceneans!
## MAINLAND GREECE YO
### FOUR phases of ancient greek art!
#### GEOMETRIC
* simple design and composition
* hybrid animals (mythical composite figures)
* Orientalism
* in art history, "oriental" refers to the Near East, not the Far East
#### ARCHAIC
* the most formative period in Greek art
* Archaic comes from "archaeos" which means "first" thus "archaeology" is the study of first-things
* got over orientalism and started doin' their own thing
* architecture hadn't gone Greek yet
* still into frontality (inhereted from near east)
* thick (crappy) local stone
* not really balanced
#### CLASSICAL
#### HELLENISTIC
* they all ate at Helen's
### info
* stuff about gender politics:
* fun fact: "gymnasium" comes from "gymnos" which means "naked"
* revelling in athletic male nude form
* greeks weren't so into women: "hysterical" comes from "hysterion" meant uterus.
* they didn't have a word for homosexual, but it was pretty normal for dudes in school to get a lil crazy in the locker room, but were generally expected to get over it in their mid 20s
* women were probs doing the same thing, but they didn't write stuff down so we don't know for sure
* except, of course, sappho
* she was an excellent poet, taught poetry, and she wrote love poems for her students. She was from Lebsos, sooo…
* "barbus" meant beard (greeks all shaved); anyone who didn't speak greek spoke "barbar"
* thus barbarians
* the only greek painting that survives is painted Vases, and a few etruscan tomb interiors
* they also painted on leather, papyrus, and wood
### places
* basilica: temple of hera 1
* 
* **ARCHAIC** architecture from paestum italy
* proof that they hadn't really figured out architecture
* Temple of Aphaia
* 
* wayyyy better than the basilica
### art
* **GEOMETRIC** krater
* 
* they used it to hold their wine which they LITERALLY MIXED WITH OPIUM
* AND STARTED DRINKING IT WHEN THEY WERE 3 YEARS OLD
* WINE MIXED WITH OPIUM
* WHICH KILLS YOU
* but not as much as roman wine, which they sweetened with FUCKING LEAD
* top row: dead guy on top of bier (fancy king bed) with lots of women lined up to stare at his corpse
* you can tell they're women because their hands were on their hair; back in the day women mourned by ripping off their clothes and pulling their hair out
* a bunch of the women were probably from the dude's family, but a bunch were probably *hired mourners*
* bottom row: a bunch of army men with weird hourglass-shaped shields, SUPER-STYLIZED horses with way too many legs
* funeral games: when someone important died the survivors liked to play a lot of sports. this is how the olympics started.
* Hero And Centaur
* 
* maybe herakles and nessos?
* heroes were like old-school a$ap rocky / shaq / whomever
* idolized and shit cuz they didn't have tv
* they hadn't really figured out the whole centaur thing yet, so it was p much just a dude with a horse sticking out of his back (rather than a horse with a dude sticking out of his front)
* lump on centaur's left is the extra bronze from where they poured it into the mold
* Kouros of dude
* 
* **ARCHAIC** kouros: memorial of a dude with sweet dreads
* more idealism, perfection < big thing for the greeks
* corners of mouth slightly raised: **Archaic Grin**
* big almondy eyes pinched at corners
* "runners girdle" lines pointing at penis
* greeks kept this one up for a good long time
* Moschophoros
* ,%20dedicated%20by%20Rhonbos%20on%20the%20Acropolis,%20Athens,%20Greece,%20ca.%20560%20BCE.jpg)
* another kouros
* moschophoros means calf bearer
* dedicated by Rhonbos on the Acropolis
* artists hadn't invented live models yet, so artists studied a lot and got the gist and then went home to sculpt happy dudes in robes with nice muscles
* Athena
* 
* greeks were seriously not into women.
* We know it's athena cuz she has a spear
* super androgynous
* wearing clothes
* more dreads
* Achilles and Ajax
* ,%20from%20Vulci,%20Italy,%20ca.%20540-530%20BCE.jpg)
* achilles and ajax hangin' out shootin' craps
* another (opium-)wine jar
* vase painting represents the beginning of the art market
* peeps would sign their work, then get hired again
* beginning of art for art's sake (not to glorify gods/king)
* super balanced, almost symetrical
* Girl Preparing To Bathe
* ,%20from%20Chiusi,%20Italy,%20ca.%20490%20BCE.jpg)
* normally it'd be super weird to draw a naked lady
* except *on the bottom of wine cups* cuz you only see it when you're drunk anyway
* porn for drunk greeks
* Dying Warrior at Temple Of Aphaia
* 
* dying warrior sculpture at temple
* sculpture is improving, muscles generally softened (which is good), but they went a bit too hard softening the feet
* testicles defy gravity
* 
* another dying warrior; same temple, 10 years later
* SO MUCH BETTER 10 years of improvement
* they started to use real models!
* testicles no longer magic
* Kritios boy! (finally)
* 
* real small statue
* 12-13 years old
* more importantly, THE BEGINNING OF WESTERN ART!
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