English
资源说明：LEON W. COUCH, II 著
PREFACE
LIST OF SYMBOLS
1 INTRODUCTION
xiii xvii 1
1–1 Historical Perspective
1–2 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems
1–3 Deterministic and Random Waveforms
1–4 Organization of the Book 7
1–5 Use of a Personal Computer and MATLAB
1–6 Block Diagram of a Communication System
1–7 Frequency Allocations 10
1–8 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 12
1–9 Information Measure 17
1–10 Channel Capacity and Ideal Communication Systems
1–11 Coding 20
Block Codes, 21 Convolutional Codes, 23 Code Interleaving, 26
Code Performance, 26 Trellis-Coded Modulation, 28
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5 6
8 8
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Contents
1–12 Preview 30
1–13 Study-Aid Examples
Problems 31
2 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA
30
2–1 Properties of Signals and Noise
Physically Realizable Waveforms, 35 Time Average Operator, 36
DC Value, 37
Power, 38
34
RMS Value and Normalized Power, 40 Energy and Power Waveforms, 41 Decibel, 41
Phasors, 43
2–2 Fourier Transform and Spectra 44
Definition, 44
Properties of Fourier Transforms, 48
Parseval’s Theorem and Energy Spectral Density, 49 Dirac Delta Function and Unit Step Function, 52 Rectangular and Triangular Pulses, 55
Convolution, 60
2–3 Power Spectral Density and Autocorrelation Function
Power Spectral Density, 63 Autocorrelation Function, 65
2–4 Orthogonal Series Representation of Signals and Noise
Orthogonal Functions, 68 Orthogonal Series, 69
2–5 Fourier Series 71
Complex Fourier Series, 71
Quadrature Fourier Series, 72
Polar Fourier Series, 74
Line Spectra for Periodic Waveforms, 75
Power Spectral Density for Periodic Waveforms, 80
2–6 Review of Linear Systems 82
Linear Time-Invariant Systems, 82
Impulse Response, 82
Transfer Function, 83
Distortionless Transmission, 86
Distortion of Audio, Video, and Data Signals, 89
2–7 Bandlimited Signals and Noise 89
Bandlimited Waveforms, 90
Sampling Theorem, 90
Impulse Sampling and Digital Signal Processing, 93 Dimensionality Theorem, 95
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2–8 Discrete Fourier Transform 97
Using the DFT to Compute the Continuous Fourier Transform, 98 Using the DFT to Compute the Fourier Series, 103
2–9 Bandwidth of Signals 105
2–10 Summary 112
2–11 Study-Aid Examples 113
Problems 117
3 BASEBAND PULSE AND DIGITAL SIGNALING 132
3–1 Introduction 132
3–2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 133
Natural Sampling (Gating), 133 Instantaneous Sampling (Flat-Top PAM), 137
3–3 Pulse Code Modulation 141
Sampling, Quantizing, and Encoding, 142 Practical PCM Circuits, 145
Bandwidth of PCM Signals, 146
Effects of Noise, 148
Nonuniform Quantizing: μ-Law and A-Law Companding, 152
3–4 Digital Signaling 155
Vector Representation, 157 Bandwidth Estimation, 160 Binary Signaling, 160 Multilevel Signaling, 162
3–5 Line Codes and Spectra 164
Binary Line Coding, 164
Power Spectra for Binary Line Codes, 167 Differential Coding, 174
Eye Patterns, 175
Regenerative Repeaters, 176
Bit Synchronization, 178
Power Spectra for Multilevel Polar NRZ Signals, 181 Spectral Efficiency, 184
3–6 Intersymbol Interference 185
Nyquist’s First Method (Zero ISI), 188
Raised Cosine-Rolloff Nyquist Filtering, 189
Nyquist’s Second and Third Methods for Control of ISI, 194
3–7 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 194
3–8 Delta Modulation 198
Granular Noise and Slope Overload Noise, 201
Adaptive Delta Modulation and Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation, 203 Speech Coding, 204
3–9
3–10
3–11
3–12
3–13
Time-Division Multiplexing 206
Frame Synchronization, 206
Synchronous and Asynchronous Lines, 210 TDM Hierarchy, 213
The T1 PCM System, 215
Packet Transmission System 219
Pulse Time Modulation: Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation 220 Summary 224
Study-Aid Examples 224
Problems 228
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Contents
4 BANDPASS SIGNALING PRINCIPLES AND CIRCUITS
4–1 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Waveforms
Definitions: Baseband, Bandpass, and Modulation, 238 Complex Envelope Representation, 238
4–2 Representation of Modulated Signals 241
4–3 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals 241
4–4 Evaluation of Power 245
4–5 Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion 248
Equivalent Low-Pass Filter, 248 Linear Distortion, 250
4–6 Bandpass Sampling Theorem 252
4–7 Received Signal Plus Noise 254
4–8 Classification of Filters and Amplifiers 254
Filters, 254 Amplifiers, 258
4–9 Nonlinear Distortion 259
4–10 Limiters 264
4–11 Mixers, Up Converters, and Down Converters 266
4–12 Frequency Multipliers 272
4–13 Detector Circuits 274
Envelope Detector, 274
Product Detector, 275
Frequency Modulation Detector, 277
4–14 Phase-Locked Loops and Frequency Synthesizers 282
4–15 Direct Digital Synthesis 290
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4–16 Transmitters and Receivers 290
Generalized Transmitters, 290
Generalized Receiver: The Superheterodyne Receiver, 292 Zero-IF Receivers, 296
Interference, 297
4–17 Software Radios 297
4–18 Summary 299
4–19 Study-Aid Examples 299
Problems 305
5 AM, FM, AND DIGITAL MODULATED SYSTEMS
5–1 Amplitude Modulation 314
5–2 AM Broadcast Technical Standards and Digital AM Broadcasting
Digital AM Broadcasting, 320
5–3 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier 321
5–4 Costas Loop and Squaring Loop 322
5–5 Asymmetric Sideband Signals 324
Single Sideband, 324 Vestigial Sideband, 328
5–6 Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation 331
Representation of PM and FM Signals, 331
Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals, 336
Narrowband Angle Modulation, 341
Wideband Frequency Modulation, 342
Preemphasis and Deemphasis in Angle-Modulated Systems, 346
5–7 Frequency-Division Multiplexing and FM Stereo 348
5–8 FM Broadcast Technical Standards and Digital FM Broadcasting
Digital FM Broadcasting, 351
5–9 Binary Modulated Bandpass Signaling 353
On-Off Keying (OOK), 353
Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK), 357 Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK), 359 Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK), 359
5–10 Multilevel Modulated Bandpass Signaling 366
Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and M-ary Phase-Shift Keying, 367 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), 370
OQPSK and p/4 QPSK, 371
PSD for MPSK, QAM, QPSK, OQPSK, and p/4 QPSK, 374
Spectral Efficiency for MPSK, QAM, QPSK, OQPSK, and p/4 QPSK
313
with Raised Cosine Filtering, 376
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5–11 Minimum-Shift Keying and GMSK 378
5–12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
5–13 Spread Spectrum Systems 388
Direct Sequence, 389 Frequency Hopping, 396 SS Frequency Bands, 397
5–14 Summary 397
5–15 Study-Aid Examples 397
Problems 401
6 RANDOM PROCESSES AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
6–1 Some Basic Definitions 415
Random Processes, 415
Stationarity and Ergodicity, 416
Correlation Functions and Wide-Sense Stationarity, 420 Complex Random Processes, 423
6–2 Power Spectral Density 424
Definition, 424
Wiener-Khintchine Theorem, 426
Properties of the PSD, 428
General Formula for the PSD of Digital Signals, 433 White-Noise Processes, 435
Measurement of PSD, 436
6–3 DC and RMS Values for Ergodic Random Processes
6–4 Linear Systems 439
Input-Output Relationships, 439
6–5 Bandwidth Measures 444
Equivalent Bandwidth, 444 RMS Bandwidth, 444
6–6 The Gaussian Random Process 446
Properties of Gaussian Processes, 448
6–7 Bandpass Processes 450
Bandpass Representations, 450
Properties of WSS Bandpass Processes, 454 Proofs of Some Properties, 459
6–8 Matched Filters 464
General Results, 464
Results for White Noise, 466 Correlation Processing, 469 Transversal Matched Filter, 471
6–9 Summary 475
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Contents ix
6–10 Appendix: Proof of Schwarz’s Inequality 477
6–11 Study-Aid Examples 479
Problems 481
7 PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
CORRUPTED BY NOISE 492
7–1 Error Probabilities for Binary Signaling 493
General Results, 493
Results for Gaussian Noise, 495
Results for White Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception, 497 Results for Colored Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception, 498
7–2 Performance of Baseband Binary Systems 499
Unipolar Signaling, 499 Polar Signaling, 502 Bipolar Signaling, 502
7–3 Coherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals 504
On-Off Keying, 504 Binary-Phase-Shift Keying, 506 Frequency-Shift Keying, 507
7–4 Noncoherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals 511
On-Off Keying, 511
Frequency-Shift Keying, 515 Differential Phase-Shift Keying, 517
7–5 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and Minimum-Shift Keying 519
7–6 Comparison of Digital Signaling Systems 521
Bit-Error Rate and Bandwidth, 521
Symbol Error and Bit Error for Multilevel Signaling, 523 Synchronization, 524
7–7 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM Systems 525
7–8 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Analog Systems 530
Comparison with Baseband Systems, 531 AM Systems with Product Detection, 532 AM Systems with Envelope Detection, 533 DSB-SC Systems, 535
SSB Systems, 535
PM Systems, 536
FM Systems, 540
FM Systems with Threshold Extension, 543 FM Systems with Deemphasis, 545
7–9 Comparison of Analog Signaling Systems 548
Ideal System Performance, 548
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7–10 Summary 551
7–11 Study-Aid Examples 551
Problems 560
8 WIRE AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS 569
8–1 The Explosive Growth of Telecommunications 569
8–2 Telephone Systems 570
Historical Basis, 570
Modern Telephone Systems and Remote Terminals, 571
8–3 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) 577
G.DMT and G.Lite Digital Subscriber Lines, 578 Video On Demand (VOD), 580
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN), 580
8–4 Capacities of Public Switched Telephone Networks 583
8–5 Satellite Communication Systems 583
Digital and Analog Television Transmission, 587 Data and Telephone Signal Multiple Access, 589 Satellite Radio Broadcasting, 595
8–6 Link Budget Analysis 597
Signal Power Received, 597
Thermal Noise Sources, 600
Characterization of Noise Sources, 601
Noise Characterization of Linear Devices, 602
Noise Characterization of Cascaded Linear Devices, 607 Link Budget Evaluation, 609
Eb N0 Link Budget for Digital Systems, 612
Path Loss for Urban Wireless Environments, 613
8–7 Fiber-Optic Systems 618
8–8 Cellular Telephone Systems 620
First Generation (1G)—The AMPS Analog Circuit-switched System, 624 Second Generation (2G)—The Digital Circuit-switched Systems, 626 Third Generation (3G)—Digital with Circuit and Packet Switching 629 Fourth Generation (4G)—Digital with Packet Switching 629
8–9 Television 630
Analog Black-and-White Television, 630 MTS Stereo Sound, 637
Analog Color Television, 637
Standards for TV and CATV Systems, 641 Digital TV (DTV), 649
8–10 Cable Data Modems 653
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8–11 Wireless Data Networks 655
WiFi, 655 WiMAX, 656
8–12 Summary 657
8–13 Study-Aid Examples 657
Problems 662
APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES, IDENTITIES, AND TABLES 669
A–1 Trigonometry and Complex Numbers 669
Definitions, 669
Trigonometric Identities and Complex Numbers, 669
A–2 Differential Calculus 670
Definition, 670 Differentiation Rules, 670 Derivative Table, 670
A–3 Indeterminate Forms 671
A–4 Integral Calculus 671
Definition, 671
Integration Techniques, 672
A–5 Integral Tables 672
Indefinite Integrals, 672 Definite Integrals, 673
A–6 Series Expansions 674
Finite Series, 674 Infinite Series, 674
A–7 Hilbert Transform Pairs 675
A–8 The Dirac Delta Function 675
Properties of Dirac Delta Functions, 676
A–9 Tabulation of Sa (x) = (sin x) x 677
A–10 Tabulation of Q (z) 678
APPENDIX B PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES 680
B–1 Introduction 680
B–2 Sets 681
B–3 Probability and Relative Frequency 682
Simple Probability, 682
Joint Probability, 683 Conditional Probabilities, 684
B–4 Random Variables 685
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B–5 Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Density Functions
685
Properties of CDFs and PDFs, 688 Discrete and Continuous Distributions, 688
B–6 Ensemble Average and Moments 692
Ensemble Average, 692 Moments, 693
B–7 Examples of Important Distributions 695
Binomial Distribution, 695 Poisson Distribution, 698 Uniform Distribution, 698 Gaussian Distribution, 698 Sinusoidal Distribution, 703
B–8 Functional Transformations of Random Variables
B–9 Multivariate Statistics 709
Multivariate CDFs and PDFs, 709
Bivariate Statistics, 711
Gaussian Bivariate Distribution, 712 Multivariate Functional Transformation, 712 Central Limit Theorem, 715
Problems 716
APPENDIX C USING MATLAB
C–1 About the MATLAB M-Files 724
704
C–2 Quick Start for Running M-Files
C–3 Programming in MATLAB 725
REFERENCES
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