资源说明：Oracle.PL.SQL程序设计_第五版 Part I. Programming in PL/SQL 1. Introduction to PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 What Is PL/SQL? 3 The Origins of PL/SQL 4 The Early Years of PL/SQL 4 Improved Application Portability 5 Improved Execution Authority and Transaction Integrity 5 Humble Beginnings, Steady Improvement 6 So This Is PL/SQL 7 Integration with SQL 7 Control and Conditional Logic 8 When Things Go Wrong 9 About PL/SQL Versions 10 Oracle Database 11g New Features 12 Resources for PL/SQL Developers 17 The O’Reilly PL/SQL Series 17 PL/SQL on the Internet 18 Some Words of Advice 19 Don’t Be in Such a Hurry! 20 Don’t Be Afraid to Ask for Help 21 Take a Creative, Even Radical Approach 22 2. Creating and Running PL/SQL Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Navigating the Database 23 Creating and Editing Source Code 24 SQL*Plus 25 Starting Up SQL*Plus 26 Running a SQL Statement 28 vii Download at WoweBook.Com Running a PL/SQL Program 28 Running a Script 30 What Is the “Current Directory”? 31 Other SQL*Plus Tasks 32 Error Handling in SQL*Plus 36 Why You Will Love and Hate SQL*Plus 37 Performing Essential PL/SQL Tasks 38 Creating a Stored Program 38 Executing a Stored Program 41 Showing Stored Programs 42 Managing Grants and Synonyms for Stored Programs 43 Dropping a Stored Program 44 Hiding the Source Code of a Stored Program 44 Editing Environments for PL/SQL 45 Calling PL/SQL from Other Languages 46 C: Using Oracle’s Precompiler (Pro*C) 47 Java: Using JDBC 48 Perl: Using Perl DBI and DBD::Oracle 49 PHP: Using Oracle Extensions 50 PL/SQL Server Pages 51 And Where Else? 52 3. Language Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 PL/SQL Block Structure 53 Anonymous Blocks 54 Named Blocks 56 Nested Blocks 57 Scope 58 Qualify all References to Variables and Columns in SQL Statements 59 Visibility 61 The PL/SQL Character Set 64 Identifiers 66 Reserved Words 68 Whitespace and Keywords 69 Literals 70 NULLs 71 Embedding Single Quotes Inside a Literal String 72 Numeric Literals 73 Boolean Literals 73 The Semicolon Delimiter 74 Comments 75 Single-Line Comment Syntax 75 Multiline Comment Syntax 75 viii | Table of Contents Download at WoweBook.Com The PRAGMA Keyword 76 Labels 77 Part II. PL/SQL Program Structure 4. Conditional and Sequential Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 IF Statements 81 The IF-THEN Combination 82 The IF-THEN-ELSE Combination 84 The IF-THEN-ELSIF Combination 85 Avoiding IF Syntax Gotchas 86 Nested IF Statements 88 Short-Circuit Evaluation 89 CASE Statements and Expressions 90 Simple CASE Statements 91 Searched CASE Statements 93 Nested CASE Statements 95 CASE Expressions 95 The GOTO Statement 97 The NULL Statement 98 Improving Program Readability 99 Using NULL After a Label 99 5. Iterative Processing with Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Loop Basics 101 Examples of Different Loops 102 Structure of PL/SQL Loops 103 The Simple Loop 104 Terminating a Simple Loop: EXIT and EXIT WHEN 105 Emulating a REPEAT UNTIL Loop 106 The Intentionally Infinite Loop 106 The WHILE Loop 108 The Numeric FOR Loop 109 Rules for Numeric FOR Loops 110 Examples of Numeric FOR Loops 111 Handling Nontrivial Increments 112 The Cursor FOR Loop 112 Example of Cursor FOR Loops 114 Loop Labels 115 The CONTINUE Statement 116 Tips for Iterative Processing 119 Use Understandable Names for Loop Indexes 119 Table of Contents | ix Download at WoweBook.Com The Proper Way to Say Goodbye 120 Obtaining Information About FOR Loop Execution 121 SQL Statement as Loop 122 6. Exception Handlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Exception-Handling Concepts and Terminology 125 Defining Exceptions 127 Declaring Named Exceptions 128 Associating Exception Names with Error Codes 129 About Named System Exceptions 132 Scope of an Exception 134 Raising Exceptions 135 The RAISE Statement 136 Using RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR 137 Handling Exceptions 138 Built-in Error Functions 139 Combining Multiple Exceptions in a Single Handler 144 Unhandled Exceptions 145 Propagation of Unhandled Exceptions 145 Continuing Past Exceptions 148 Writing WHEN OTHERS Handling Code 150 Building an Effective Error Management Architecture 152 Decide on Your Error Management Strategy 153 Standardize Handling of Different Types of Exceptions 154 Organize Use of Application-Specific Error Codes 157 Use Standardized Error Management Programs 157 Work with Your Own Exception “Objects” 159 Create Standard Templates for Common Error Handling 162 Making the Most of PL/SQL Error Management 164 Part III. PL/SQL Program Data 7. Working with Program Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Naming Your Program Data 167 Overview of PL/SQL Datatypes 169 Character Data 170 Numbers 170 Dates, Timestamps, and Intervals 172 Booleans 172 Binary Data 172 ROWIDs 173 REF CURSORs 173 x | Table of Contents Download at WoweBook.Com Internet Datatypes 174 “Any” Datatypes 174 User-Defined Datatypes 174 Declaring Program Data 175 Declaring a Variable 175 Declaring Constants 176 The NOT NULL Clause 177 Anchored Declarations 177 Anchoring to Cursors and Tables 179 Benefits of Anchored Declarations 180 Anchoring to NOT NULL Datatypes 181 Programmer-Defined Subtypes 182 Conversion Between Datatypes 183 Implicit Data Conversion 183 Explicit Datatype Conversion 185 8. Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 String Datatypes 191 The VARCHAR2 Datatype 192 The CHAR Datatype 193 String Subtypes 194 Working with Strings 195 Specifying String Constants 195 Using Nonprintable Characters 197 Concatenating Strings 198 Dealing with Case 199 Traditional Searching, Extracting, and Replacing 202 Padding 204 Trimming 206 Regular Expression Searching, Extracting, and Replacing 207 Working with Empty Strings 218 Mixing CHAR and VARCHAR2 Values 219 String Function Quick Reference 222 9. Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Numeric Datatypes 231 The NUMBER Type 232 The PLS_INTEGER Type 237 The BINARY_INTEGER Type 238 The SIMPLE_INTEGER Type 239 The BINARY_FLOAT and BINARY_DOUBLE Types 241 The SIMPLE_FLOAT and SIMPLE_DOUBLE Types 246 Numeric Subtypes 246 Table of Contents | xi Download at WoweBook.Com Number Conversions 247 The TO_NUMBER Function 247 The TO_CHAR Function 251 The CAST Function 256 Implicit Conversions 257 Numeric Operators 259 Numeric Functions 260 Rounding and Truncation Functions 260 Trigonometric Functions 261 Numeric Function Quick Reference 261 10. Dates and Timestamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Datetime Datatypes 267 Declaring Datetime Variables 270 Choosing a Datetime Datatype 271 Getting the Current Date and Time 272 Interval Datatypes 274 Declaring INTERVAL Variables 275 When to Use INTERVALs 276 Datetime Conversions 278 From Strings to Datetimes 279 From Datetimes to Strings 281 Working with Time Zones 284 Requiring a Format Mask to Match Exactly 287 Easing Up on Exact Matches 288 Interpreting Two-Digit Years in a Sliding Window 288 Converting Time Zones to Character Strings 290 Padding Output with Fill Mode 291 Date and Timestamp Literals 291 Interval Conversions 292 Converting from Numbers to Intervals 293 Converting Strings to Intervals 294 Formatting Intervals for Display 295 Interval Literals 295 CAST and EXTRACT 297 The CAST Function 297 The EXTRACT Function 299 Datetime Arithmetic 300 Date Arithmetic with Intervals and Datetimes 300 Date Arithmetic with DATE Datatypes 301 Computing the Interval Between Two Datetimes 302 Mixing DATEs and TIMESTAMPs 304 Adding and Subtracting Intervals 305 xii | Table of Contents Download at WoweBook.Com Multiplying and Dividing Intervals 306 Using Unconstrained INTERVAL Types 306 Date/Time Function Quick Reference 308 11. Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Records in PL/SQL 311 Benefits of Using Records 312 Declaring Records 314 Programmer-Defined Records 315 Working with Records 318 Comparing Records 325 Trigger Pseudo-Records 326 12. Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Collections Overview 328 Collections Concepts and Terminology 328 Types of Collections 330 Collection Examples 331 Where You Can Use Collections 335 Choosing a Collection Type 340 Collection Methods (Built-ins) 341 The COUNT Method 343 The DELETE Method 343 The EXISTS Method 345 The EXTEND Method 345 The FIRST and LAST Methods 346 The LIMIT Method 347 The PRIOR and NEXT Methods 348 The TRIM Method 349 Working with Collections 350 Declaring Collection Types 350 Declaring and Initializing Collection Variables 355 Populating Collections with Data 359 Accessing Data Inside a Collection 364 Using String-Indexed Collections 365 Collections of Complex Datatypes 370 Multilevel Collections 374 Working with Collections in SQL 382 Nested Table Multiset Operations 387 Testing Equality and Membership of Nested Tables 389 Checking for Membership of an Element in a Nested Table 390 Performing High-Level Set Operations 390 Handling Duplicates in a Nested Table 392 Table of Contents | xiii Download at WoweBook.Com Maintaining Schema-Level Collections 393 Necessary Privileges 393 Collections and the Data Dictionary 394 13. Miscellaneous Datatypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 The BOOLEAN Datatype 395 The RAW Datatype 396 The UROWID and ROWID Datatypes 397 Getting ROWIDs 398 Using ROWIDs 398 The LOB Datatypes 400 Working with LOBs 401 Understanding LOB Locators 403 Empty Versus NULL LOBs 405 Writing into a LOB 407 Reading from a LOB 409 BFILEs Are Different 410 SecureFiles Versus BasicFiles 415 Temporary LOBs 417 Native LOB Operations 421 LOB Conversion Functions 425 Predefined Object Types 426 The XMLType Type 426 The URI Types 430 The Any Types 431 Part IV. SQL in PL/SQL 14. DML and Transaction Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 DML in PL/SQL 440 A Quick Introduction to DML 440 Cursor Attributes for DML Operations 444 RETURNING Information from DML Statements 445 DML and Exception Handling 446 DML and Records 447 Transaction Management 450 The COMMIT Statement 451 The ROLLBACK Statement 451 The SAVEPOINT Statement 452 The SET TRANSACTION Statement 453 The LOCK TABLE Statement 454 Autonomous Transactions 454 xiv | Table of Contents Download at WoweBook.Com Defining Autonomous Transactions 455 Rules and Restrictions on Autonomous Transactions 456 Transaction Visibility 457 When to Use Autonomous Transactions 458 Building an Autonomous Logging Mechanism 459 15. Data Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Cursor Basics 464 Some Data Retrieval Terms 465 Typical Query Operations 466 Introduction to Cursor Attributes 467 Referencing PL/SQL Variables in a Cursor 470 Choosing Between Explicit and Implicit Cursors 471 Working with Implicit Cursors 471 Implicit Cursor Examples 472 Error Handling with Implicit Cursors 473 Implicit SQL Cursor Attributes 476 Working with Explicit Cursors 477 Declaring Explicit Cursors 479 Opening Explicit Cursors 482 Fetching from Explicit Cursors 483 Column Aliases in Explicit Cursors 484 Closing Explicit Cursors 485 Explicit Cursor Attributes 487 Cursor Parameters 489 SELECT...FOR UPDATE 492 Releasing Locks with COMMIT 494 The WHERE CURRENT OF Clause 495 Cursor Variables and REF CURSORs 496 Why Cursor Variables? 497 Similarities to Static Cursors 498 Declaring REF CURSOR Types 498 Declaring Cursor Variables 499 Opening Cursor Variables 500 Fetching from Cursor Variables 501 Rules for Cursor Variables 504 Passing Cursor Variables as Arguments 507 Cursor Variable Restrictions 509 Cursor Expressions 509 Using Cursor Expressions 510 Restrictions on Cursor Expressions 512 Table of Contents | xv Download at WoweBook.Com 16. Dynamic SQL and Dynamic PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 NDS Statements 514 The EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement 514 The OPEN FOR Statement 517 About the Four Dynamic SQL Methods 523 Binding Variables 525 Argument Modes 526 Duplicate Placeholders 527 Passing NULL Values 528 Working with Objects and Collections 529 Dynamic PL/SQL 531 Build Dynamic PL/SQL Blocks 532 Replace Repetitive Code with Dynamic Blocks 534 Recommendations for NDS 535 Use Invoker Rights for Shared Programs 535 Anticipate and Handle Dynamic Errors 536 Use Binding Rather Than Concatenation 538 Minimize the Dangers of Code Injection 540 When to Use DBMS_SQL 543 Parse Very Long Strings 543 Obtain Information About Query Columns 544 Meet Method 4 Dynamic SQL Requirements 546 Minimize Parsing of Dynamic Cursors 552 Oracle Database 11g New Features 554 DBMS_SQL.TO_REFCURSOR Function 554 DBMS_SQL.TO_CURSOR Function 556 Enhanced Security for DBMS_SQL 558 Part V. PL/SQL Application Construction 17. Procedures, Functions, and Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 Modular Code 566 Procedures 567 Calling a Procedure 568 The Procedure Header 569 The Procedure Body 570 The END Label 570 The RETURN Statement 571 Functions 571 Structure of a Function 571 The RETURN Datatype 573 The END Label 575 xvi | Table of Contents Download at WoweBook.Com Calling a Function 575 Functions Without Parameters 576 The Function Header 577 The Function Body 577 The RETURN Statement 578 Parameters 579 Defining Parameters 580 Actual and Formal Parameters 581 Parameter Modes 582 Explicit Association of Actual and Formal Parameters in PL/SQL 585 The NOCOPY Parameter Mode Qualifier 589 Default Values 589 Local or Nested Modules 590 Benefits of Local Modularization 591 Scope of Local Modules 594 Sprucing Up Your Code with Local Modules 594 Module Overloading 595 Benefits of Overloading 596 Restrictions on Overloading 599 Overloading with Numeric Types 600 Forward Declarations 601 Advanced Topics 602 Calling Your Function From Inside SQL 602 Table Functions 605 Deterministic Functions 615 Go Forth and Modularize! 616 18. Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 Why Packages? 617 Demonstrating the Power of the Package 618 Some Package-Related Concepts 621 Diagramming Privacy 623 Rules for Building Packages 624 The Package Specification 624 The Package Body 626 Initializing Packages 627 Rules for Calling Packaged Elements 632 Working with Package Data 633 Global Within a Single Oracle Session 633 Global Public Data 634 Packaged Cursors 635 Serializable Packages 639 When to Use Packages 642 Table of Contents | xvii Download at WoweBook.Com Encapsulate Data Access 642 Avoid Hardcoding Literals 645 Improve Usability of Built-in Features 647 Group Together Logically Related Functionality 648 Cache Static Session Data 649 Packages and Object Types 650 19. Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 DML Triggers 652 DML Trigger Concepts 653 Creating a DML Trigger 655 DML Trigger Example: No Cheating Allowed! 660 Multiple Triggers of the Same Type 665 Who Follows Whom 666 Mutating Table Errors 668 Compound Triggers: Putting It All In One Place 669 DDL Triggers 673 Creating a DDL Trigger 673 Available Events 676 Available Attributes 676 Working with Events and Attributes 678 Dropping the Undroppable 681 The INSTEAD OF CREATE Trigger 682 Database Event Triggers 683 Creating a Database Event Trigger 683 The STARTUP Trigger 685 The SHUTDOWN Trigger 685 The LOGON Trigger 685 The LOGOFF Trigger 686 The SERVERERROR Trigger 686 INSTEAD OF Triggers 690 Creating an INSTEAD OF Trigger 690 The INSTEAD OF INSERT Trigger 692 The INSTEAD OF UPDATE Trigger 694 The INSTEAD OF DELETE Trigger 695 Populating the Tables 695 INSTEAD OF Triggers on Nested Tables 696 AFTER SUSPEND Triggers 697 Setting Up for the AFTER SUSPEND Trigger 698 Looking at the Actual Trigger 700 The ORA_SPACE_ERROR_INFO Function 701 The DBMS_RESUMABLE Package 702 Trapped Multiple Times 703 xviii | Table of Contents Download at WoweBook.Com To Fix or Not to Fix? 704 Maintaining Triggers 705 Disabling, Enabling, and Dropping Triggers 705 Creating Disabled Triggers 706 Viewing Triggers 706 Checking the Validity of Triggers 707 20. Managing PL/SQL Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 Managing Code in the Database 710 Overview of Data Dictionary Views 711 Display Information About Stored Objects 712 Display and Search Source Code 713 Use Program Size to Determine Pinning Requirements 715 Obtain Properties of Stored Code 715 Analyze and Modify Trigger State Through Views 716 Analyze Argument Information 717 Analyze Identifier Usage (Oracle Database 11g’s PL/Scope) 719 Managing Dependencies and Recompiling Code 721 Analyzing Dependencies with Data Dictionary Views 722 Fine-Grained Dependency (Oracle Database 11g) 726 Remote Dependencies 727 Limitations of Oracle’s Remote Invocation Model 730 Recompiling Invalid Program Units 731 Compile-Time Warnings 735 A Quick Example 735 Enabling Compile-Time Warnings 736 Some Handy Warnings 738 Testing PL/SQL Programs 746 Typical, Tawdry Testing Techniques 747 General Advice for Testing PL/SQL Code 751 Automated Testing Options for PL/SQL 752 Testing with utPLSQL 753 Testing with Quest Code Tester for Oracle 755 Tracing PL/SQL Execution 756 DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO 759 Quest Error Manager Tracing 761 The DBMS_TRACE Facility 763 Debugging PL/SQL Programs 766 The Wrong Way to Debug 767 Debugging Tips and Strategies 769 Protecting Stored Code 774 Restrictions on and Limitations of Wrapping 774 Using the Wrap Executable 775 Table of Contents | xix Download at WoweBook.Com Dynamic Wrapping with DBMS_DDL 775 Guidelines for Working with Wrapped Code 776 Introduction to Edition-Based Redefinition (Oracle Database 11g Release 2) 777 21. Optimizing PL/SQL Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 Tools to Assist in Optimization 783 Analyzing Memory Usage 783 Identifying Bottlenecks in PL/SQL Code 783 Calculating Elapsed Time 788 Choosing the Fastest Program 790 Avoiding Infinite Loops 792 Performance-Related Warnings 793 The Optimizing Compiler 793 Insights on How the Optimizer Works 795 Runtime Optimization of Fetch Loops 798 Data Caching Techniques 799 Package-Based Caching 800 Deterministic Function Caching 805 Function Result Cache (Oracle Database 11g) 807 Caching Summary 819 Bulk Processing for Multirow SQL 820 High Speed Querying with BULK COLLECT 821 High Speed DML with FORALL 828 Improving Performance With Pipelined Table Functions 838 Replacing Row-Based Inserts with Pipelined Function-Based Loads 839 Tuning Merge Operations with Pipelined Functions 846 Asynchronous Data Unloading with Parallel Pipelined Functions 848 Performance Implications of Partitioning and Streaming Clauses in Parallel Pipelined Functions 851 Pipelined Functions and the Cost-Based Optimizer 853 Tuning Complex Data Loads with Pipelined Functions 859 A Final Word on Pipelined Functions 866 Specialized Optimization Techniques 866 Using the NOCOPY Parameter Mode Hint 867 Using the Right Datatype 870 Stepping Back for the Big Picture on Performance 871 22. I/O and PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 Displaying Information 873 Enabling DBMS_OUTPUT 874 Write Lines to the Buffer 874 Read the Contents of the Buffer 875 xx | Table of Contents Download at WoweBook.Com Reading and Writing Files 876 The UTL_FILE_DIR Parameter 877 Work with Oracle Directories 879 Open Files 880 Is the File Already Open? 882 Close Files 882 Read from Files 883 Write to Files 885 Copy Files 888 Delete Files 889 Rename and Move Files 890 Retrieve File Attributes 890 Sending Email 891 Oracle Prerequisites 893 Configuring Network Security 893 Send a Short (32,767 or Less) Plaintext Message 894 Include “Friendly” Names in Email Addresses 896 Send a Plaintext Message of Arbitrary Length 897 Send a Message with a Short (< 32,767) Attachment 898 Send a Small File (< 32767) as an Attachment 900 Attach a File of Arbitrary Size 900 Working with Web-Based Data (HTTP) 903 Retrieve a Web Page in “Pieces” 903 Retrieve a Web Page into a LOB 905 Authenticate Using HTTP Username/Password 906 Retrieve an SSL-Encrypted Web Page (Via HTTPS) 906 Submit Data to a Web Page via GET or POST 908 Disable Cookies or Make Cookies Persistent 912 Retrieve Data from an FTP Server 912 Use a Proxy Server 913 Other Types of I/O Available in PL/SQL 913 Database Pipes, Queues, and Alerts 914 TCP Sockets 914 Oracle’s Built-in Web Server 914 Part VI. Advanced PL/SQL Topics 23. Application Security and PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 Security Overview 919 Encryption 921 Key Length 922 Algorithms 923 Table of Contents | xxi Download at WoweBook.Com Padding and Chaining 924 The DBMS_CRYPTO Package 925 Encrypting Data 926 Encrypting LOBs 929 SecureFiles 930 Decrypting Data 930 Performing Key Generation 932 Performing Key Management 932 Cryptographic Hashing 938 Using Message Authentication Codes 940 Using Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) 941 Transparent Tablespace Encryption 944 Row-Level Security 945 Why Learn About RLS? 947 A Simple RLS Example 949 Using Dynamic Policies 953 Using Column-Sensitive RLS 957 RLS Debugging 960 Application Contexts 964 Using Application Contexts 965 Security in Contexts 966 Contexts as Predicates in RLS 967 Identifying Non-Database Users 970 Fine-Grained Auditing 972 Why Learn About FGA? 973 A Simple FGA Example 974 Access How Many Columns? 976 Checking the Audit Trail 977 Using Bind Variables 978 Using Handler Modules 979 24. PL/SQL Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981 Who (or What) is DIANA? 981 How Does Oracle Execute PL/SQL Code? 982 An Example 983 Compiler Limits 986 The Default Packages of PL/SQL 987 Execution Authority Models 990 The Definer Rights Model 990 The Invoker Rights Model 995 Combining Rights Models 997 Conditional Compilation 998 Examples of Conditional Compilation 999 xxii | Table of Contents Download at WoweBook.Com The Inquiry Directive 1000 The $IF Directive 1004 The $ERROR Directive 1005 Synchronizing Code with Packaged Constants 1006 Program-Specific Settings with Inquiry Directives 1006 Working with Postprocessed Code 1008 PL/SQL and Database Instance Memory 1009 PGA, UGA, and CGA 1010 Cursors, Memory, and More 1011 Tips on Reducing Memory Use 1013 What to Do if You Run Out of Memory 1024 Native Compilation 1027 When to Run Interpreted Mode 1027 When to Go Native 1028 Native Compilation and Database Release 1028 What You Need to Know 1029 25. Globalization and Localization in PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031 Overview and Terminology 1033 Unicode Primer 1034 National Character Set Datatypes 1036 Character Encoding 1036 Globalization Support Parameters 1037 Unicode Functions 1038 Character Semantics 1045 String Sort Order 1049 Binary Sort 1050 Monolingual Sort 1050 Multilingual Sort 1053 Multilingual Information Retrieval 1054 IR and PL/SQL 1056 Date/Time 1059 Timestamp Datatypes 1059 Date/Time Formatting 1060 Currency Conversion 1064 Globalization Development Kit for PL/SQL 1066 UTL_118N Utility Package 1066 UTL_LMS Error-Handling Package 1069 GDK Implementation Options 1070 26. Object-Oriented Aspects of PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073 Introduction to Oracle’s Object Features 1073 Object Types by Example 1075 Table of Contents | xxiii Download at WoweBook.Com Creating a Base Type 1076 Creating a Subtype 1078 Methods 1079 Invoking Supertype Methods in Oracle Database 11g 1084 Storing, Retrieving, and Using Persistent Objects 1085 Evolution and Creation 1093 Back to Pointers? 1095 Generic Data: The ANY Types 1102 I Can Do It Myself 1106 Comparing Objects 1110 Object Views 1115 A Sample Relational System 1116 Object View with a Collection Attribute 1118 Object Subview 1121 Object View with Inverse Relationship 1122 INSTEAD OF Triggers 1123 Differences Between Object Views and Object Tables 1125 Maintaining Object Types and Object Views 1127 Data Dictionary 1127 Privileges 1128 Concluding Thoughts from a (Mostly) Relational Developer 1130 27. Calling Java from PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133 Oracle and Java 1133 Getting Ready to Use Java in Oracle 1135 Installing Java 1135 Building and Compiling Your Java Code 1136 Setting Permissions for Java Development and Execution 1137 A Simple Demonstration 1139 Finding the Java Functionality 1140 Building a Custom Java Class 1140 Compiling and Loading into Oracle 1142 Building a PL/SQL Wrapper 1144 Deleting Files from PL/SQL 1145 Using loadjava 1146 Using dropjava 1148 Managing Java in the Database 1148 The Java Namespace in Oracle 1148 Examining Loaded Java Elements 1149 Using DBMS_JAVA 1150 LONGNAME: Converting Java Long Names 1151 GET_, SET_, and RESET_COMPILER_OPTION: Getting and Setting (a Few) Compiler Options 1151 xxiv | Table of Contents Download at WoweBook.Com SET_OUTPUT: Enabling Output from Java 1152 EXPORT_SOURCE, EXPORT_RESOURCE, and EXPORT_CLASS: Exporting Schema Objects 1153 Publishing and Using Java in PL/SQL 1155 Call Specs 1155 Some Rules for Call Specs 1157 Mapping Datatypes 1157 Calling a Java Method in SQL 1159 Exception Handling with Java 1160 Extending File I/O Capabilities 1163 Other Examples 1167 28. External Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171 Introduction to External Procedures 1172 Example: Invoking an Operating System Command 1172 Architecture of External Procedures 1174 The Oracle Net Configuration 1176 Specifying the Listener Configuration 1176 Security Characteristics of the Configuration 1178 Setting Up Multithreaded Mode 1179 Creating an Oracle Library 1182 Writing the Call Specification 1183 The Call Spec: Overall Syntax 1184 Parameter Mapping: The Example Revisited 1186 Parameter Mapping: The Full Story 1188 More Syntax: The PARAMETERS Clause 1189 PARAMETERS Properties 1190 Raising an Exception from the Called C Program 1193 Nondefault Agents 1196 Maintaining External Procedures 1199 Dropping Libraries 1199 Data Dictionary 1200 Rules and Warnings 1200 A. Regular Expression Metacharacters and Function Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1203 B. Number Format Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209 C. Date Format Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219

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