资源说明：Servlet3.1规范（最终版） JavaTM Servlet 规范 版本 3.1(最终版) Shing Wai Chan Rajiv Mordani [作者] 穆茂强 张开涛 [译者] 2012年6月翻译 2013年7月修订 目录 前言 ............................... 3 其他资料 ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 谁应该读此规范 ................................................................................................................................................ 3 API规范 ............................................................................................................................................................3 其他的 Java 平台规范 ....................................................................................................................................... 3 其他重要参考资料 ............................................................................................................................................ 4 提供反馈 ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 专家组成员 ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 答谢 .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 目录 ............................... 6 概览 .............................. 13 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 什么是 Servlet? .................................................................................................................................. 13 什么是Servlet容器?...............................................................................................................................13 例子...........................................................................................................................................................13 Servlet 与其他技术的比较 ........................................................................................................................ 14 与 Java 平台企业版的关系 ...................................................................................................................... 14 与 Java Servlet 规范 2.5 版本间的兼容性 .............................................................................................. 14 1.6.1 监听器(Listener)顺序 ...............................................................................................................14 1.6.2 注解处理 ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Servlet 接口 ...................... 15 2.1 请求处理方法 ...........................................................................................................................................15 2.1.1 基于 Http 规范的请求处理方法 ................................................................................................... 15 2.1.2 附加的方法 ....................................................................................................................................15 2.1.3 有条件 GET 支持 .......................................................................................................................... 16 2.2 实例数量...................................................................................................................................................16 2.2.1 关于 Single Thread Model .............................................................................................................. 16 2.3 Servlet 生命周期 ....................................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.1 加载和实例化 ................................................................................................................................16 2.3.2 初始化 ............................................................................................................................................16 2.3.3 请求处理 ........................................................................................................................................17 2.3.4 终止服务(End of Service).........................................................................................................27 Request ........................... 29 3.1 HTTP 协议参数 ......................................................................................................................................... 29 3.1.1 当参数可用时 ................................................................................................................................29 3.2 文件上传 .................................................................................................................................................... 30 3.3 属性...........................................................................................................................................................30 3.4 头...............................................................................................................................................................30 3.5 请求路径元素 ...........................................................................................................................................31 3.6 路径转换方法 ...........................................................................................................................................32 6 3.7 非阻塞IO...................................................................................................................................................32 3.8 Cookies........................................................................................................................................................33 3.9 SSL 属性 .................................................................................................................................................... 33 3.10 国际化.....................................................................................................................................................34 3.11 请求数据编码 .........................................................................................................................................34 3.12 Request 对象的生命周期 ........................................................................................................................ 34 Servlet Context ................... 35 4.1 ServletContext 接口介绍 ........................................................................................................................... 35 4.2 ServletContext 接口作用范围 ................................................................................................................... 35 4.3 初始化参数 ...............................................................................................................................................35 4.4 配置方法...................................................................................................................................................35 4.4.1 编程式添加和配置Servlet.............................................................................................................36 4.4.2 编程式添加和配置 Filter ............................................................................................................... 36 4.4.3 编程式添加和配置 Listener ............................................................................................................ 37 4.5 上下文属性 ...............................................................................................................................................39 4.6 资源...........................................................................................................................................................39 4.7 多主机和Servlet上下文..........................................................................................................................40 4.8 Reload 注意事项 ....................................................................................................................................... 40 4.8.1 临时工作目录 ................................................................................................................................40 Response .......................... 41 5.1 缓冲...........................................................................................................................................................41 5.2 头信息.......................................................................................................................................................41 5.3 非阻塞IO...................................................................................................................................................42 5.4 简便方法...................................................................................................................................................43 5.5 国际化.......................................................................................................................................................43 5.6 结束响应对象 ...........................................................................................................................................44 5.7 Response 的生命周期 ................................................................................................................................ 44 过滤器 ............................ 45 6.1 什么是过滤器 ...........................................................................................................................................45 6.1.1 过滤器组件示例 ............................................................................................................................45 6.2 主要概念...................................................................................................................................................46 6.2.1 过滤器生命周期 ............................................................................................................................46 6.2.2 包装请求和响应 ............................................................................................................................47 6.2.3 过滤器环境 ....................................................................................................................................47 6.2.4 在 Web 应用中配置过滤器 ........................................................................................................... 47 6.2.5 过滤器和RequestDispatcher..........................................................................................................49 会话 .............................. 51 7.1 会话跟踪机制 ...........................................................................................................................................51 7.1.1 Cookies.............................................................................................................................................51 7.1.2 SSL 会话 ......................................................................................................................................... 51 7.1.3 URL 重写 .......................................................................................................................................51 7.1.4 会话完整性 ....................................................................................................................................52 7.2 创建会话...................................................................................................................................................52 7 7.3 会话范围...................................................................................................................................................52 7.4 绑定 Session 属性 ..................................................................................................................................... 52 7.5 会话超时...................................................................................................................................................53 7.6 最后访问时间 ...........................................................................................................................................53 7.7 重要的会话语义 .......................................................................................................................................53 7.7.1 多线程问题 ....................................................................................................................................53 7.7.2 分布式环境 ....................................................................................................................................53 7.7.3 客户端语义 ....................................................................................................................................54 注解和可插拔性 .................... 55 8.1 注解和可插拔性 .......................................................................................................................................55 8.1.1 @WebServlet....................................................................................................................................55 8.1.2 @WebFilter ...................................................................................................................................... 56 8.1.3 @WebInitParam ............................................................................................................................... 56 8.1.4 @WebListener..................................................................................................................................56 8.1.5 @MultipartConfig............................................................................................................................57 8.1.6 其他注解/惯例...............................................................................................................................57 8.2 可插拔性...................................................................................................................................................57 8.2.1 web.xml 模块 .................................................................................................................................. 57 8.2.2 web.xml 和 web-fragment.xml 顺序 .............................................................................................. 58 8.2.3 装配 web.xml、web-fragment.xml 描述符和注解 ....................................................................... 63 8.2.4 共享库 / 运行时可插拔性 ...........................................................................................................72 8.3 JSP 容器可插拔性 ..................................................................................................................................... 74 8.4 处理注解和 fragment ................................................................................................................................ 74 分派请求 .......................... 75 9.1 获得一个RequestDispatcher.....................................................................................................................75 9.1.1 请求调度器路径中的查询字符串 ................................................................................................75 9.2 请求调度器的使用 ...................................................................................................................................75 9.3 Include 方法 ............................................................................................................................................... 76 9.3.1 内置请求参数 ................................................................................................................................76 9.4 Forward 方法 ............................................................................................................................................. 76 9.4.1 查询字符串 ....................................................................................................................................77 9.4.2 转发的请求参数 ............................................................................................................................77 9.5 错误处理...................................................................................................................................................77 9.6 获得一个异步上下文对象 .......................................................................................................................77 9.7 Dispatch 方法 ............................................................................................................................................. 78 9.7.1 查询字符串 ....................................................................................................................................78 9.7.2 调度请求参数 ................................................................................................................................78 Web 应用 .......................... 80 10.1 Web 服务器中的 Web 应用程序 ............................................................................................................. 80 10.2 与 ServletContext 的关系 ....................................................................................................................... 80 10.3 Web 应用的要素 ...................................................................................................................................... 80 10.4 部署层次结构 .........................................................................................................................................80 10.5 目录结构.................................................................................................................................................80 8 10.5.1 应用程序目录结构示例 ......................................................................................................................81 10.6 Web 应用程序归档文件 .......................................................................................................................... 82 10.7 Web 应用程序部署描述文件 .................................................................................................................. 82 10.7.1 扩展的依赖关系 ..........................................................................................................................82 10.7.2 Web 应用程序类加载器 ............................................................................................................... 83 10.8 更新Web应用........................................................................................................................................83 10.9 错误处理.................................................................................................................................................83 10.9.1 请求属性 ......................................................................................................................................83 10.9.2 错误页面 ......................................................................................................................................84 10.9.3 错误过滤器 ..................................................................................................................................85 10.10 欢迎文件 ...............................................................................................................................................85 10.11 Web 应用程序环境 ................................................................................................................................ 86 10.12 Web 应用程序部署 ................................................................................................................................ 86 10.13 包含 web.xml 部署描述文件 ............................................................................................................... 86 应用生命周期事件 .................. 87 11.1 介绍 .........................................................................................................................................................87 11.2 事件监听器 .............................................................................................................................................87 11.2.1 事件类型和监听器接口 ..............................................................................................................87 11.2.2 监听器使用的一个例子 ..............................................................................................................88 11.3 监听器类配置 .........................................................................................................................................88 11.3.1 提供监听器类 ..............................................................................................................................88 11.3.2 部署声明 ......................................................................................................................................88 11.3.3 监听器注册 ..................................................................................................................................89 11.3.4 关闭时通知 ..................................................................................................................................89 11.4 部署描述符示例 .....................................................................................................................................89 11.5 监听器实例和线程 .................................................................................................................................90 11.6 监听器异常 .............................................................................................................................................90 11.7 分布式容器 .............................................................................................................................................90 11.8 会话事件 .................................................................................................................................................90 映射请求到 Servlet................. 91 12.1 使用 URL 路径 ....................................................................................................................................... 91 12.2 映射规范.................................................................................................................................................91 12.2.1 隐式映射 ......................................................................................................................................91 12.2.2 示例映射集合 ..............................................................................................................................92 安全 .............................. 93 13.1 介绍.........................................................................................................................................................93 13.2 声明式安全 .............................................................................................................................................93 13.3 编程式安全 .............................................................................................................................................93 13.4 编程式安全策略配置 .............................................................................................................................94 13.4.1 @ServletSecurity 注解 .................................................................................................................. 95 13.4.2 ServletRegistration.Dynamic 的 setServletSecurity..................................................................... 101 13.5 角色.......................................................................................................................................................101 13.6 认证.......................................................................................................................................................102 9 13.6.1 HTTP 基本认证 .......................................................................................................................... 102 13.6.2 HTTP 摘要认证 .......................................................................................................................... 102 13.6.3 基于表单的认证 ......................................................................................................................... 102 13.6.4 HTTPS 客户端认证 .................................................................................................................... 104 13.6.5 其他容器认证机制 ....................................................................................................................104 13.7 服务器跟踪认证信息 ...........................................................................................................................104 13.8 指定安全约束 ....................................................................................................................................... 104 13.8.1 组合约束 .................................................................................................................................... 105 13.8.2 示例............................................................................................................................................105 13.8.3 处理请求 .................................................................................................................................... 107 13.8.4 未覆盖的 HTTP 协议方法 ........................................................................................................ 107 13.9 默认策略...............................................................................................................................................109 13.10 登录和退出 ......................................................................................................................................... 110 部署描述文件 ..................... 111 14.1 部署描述文件元素 ............................................................................................................................... 111 14.2 部署描述符处理规则 ........................................................................................................................... 111 14.3 部署描述文件 ....................................................................................................................................... 112 14.4 部署描述文件图解 ............................................................................................................................... 112 1、web-app 元素 ................................................................................................................................... 112 2、description 元素 ............................................................................................................................... 113 3、display-name 元素 ........................................................................................................................... 113 4、icon 元素 .......................................................................................................................................... 114 5、distributable 元素 ............................................................................................................................. 114 6、context-param 元素 .......................................................................................................................... 114 7、filter 元素 ......................................................................................................................................... 114 8、filter-mapping 元素 .......................................................................................................................... 115 9、listener 元素 ..................................................................................................................................... 116 10、servlet 元素 .................................................................................................................................... 116 11、servlet-mapping 元素 ..................................................................................................................... 117 12、session-config 元素 ........................................................................................................................ 118 13、mime-mapping 元素 ...................................................................................................................... 118 14、welcome-file-list 元素 .................................................................................................................... 119 15、error-page 元素 .............................................................................................................................. 119 16、jsp-config 元素 ............................................................................................................................... 119 17、security-constraint 元素 ................................................................................................................. 120 18、login-config 元素 ........................................................................................................................... 121 19、security-role 元素 ........................................................................................................................... 121 20、env-entry 元素 ................................................................................................................................ 122 21、ejb-ref 元素 .................................................................................................................................... 123 22、ejb-local-ref 元素 ........................................................................................................................... 124 23、service-ref 元素 .............................................................................................................................. 125 24、resource-ref 元素 ............................................................................................................................ 126 25、resource-env-ref元素 ....................................................................................................................127 26、message-destination-ref 元素 ......................................................................................................... 128 27、message-destination元素 ..............................................................................................................129 10 28、locale-encoding-mapping-list 元素 ................................................................................................ 130 14.5 实例.......................................................................................................................................................131 14.5.1 一个简单的例子 ........................................................................................................................131 14.5.2 安全示例 .................................................................................................................................... 132 15.与其它规范有关的要求 .......... 135 15.1 会话.......................................................................................................................................................135 15.2 Web 应用程序 ........................................................................................................................................ 135 15.2.1 Web 应用程序类加载器 ............................................................................................................. 135 15.2.2 Web 应用程序环境 ..................................................................................................................... 135 15.2.3 Web 模块上下文根 URL 的 JNDI 名称 .................................................................................... 136 15.3 安全性...................................................................................................................................................136 15.3.1 EJBTM调用传播的安全标识 ......................................................................................................137 15.3.2 容器授权的要求 ........................................................................................................................137 15.3.3 容器认证的要求 ........................................................................................................................137 15.4 部署.......................................................................................................................................................137 15.4.1 部署描述符元素 ........................................................................................................................137 15.4.2 打包和 JAX-WS 组件部署 ....................................................................................................... 138 15.4.3 处理部署描述符的规则 ............................................................................................................138 15.5 注解和资源注入 ................................................................................................................................... 139 15.5.1 @DeclareRoles.............................................................................................................................140 15.5.2 @EJB 注解 ................................................................................................................................140 15.5.3 @EJBs 注解 ...............................................................................................................................141 15.5.4 @Resource 注解 ........................................................................................................................141 15.5.5 @PersistenceContext 注解 ......................................................................................................... 142 15.5.6 @PersistenceContexts 注解 .......................................................................................................142 15.5.7 @PersistenceUnit 注解 ..............................................................................................................142 15.5.8 @PersistenceUnits Annotation ..................................................................................................... 142 15.5.9 @PostConstruct 注解 ................................................................................................................. 142 15.5.10 @PreDestroy 注解 ...................................................................................................................143 15.5.11 @Resources 注解 .....................................................................................................................143 15.5.12 @RunAs 注解 ..........................................................................................................................144 15.5.13 @WebServiceRef 注解 ............................................................................................................144 15.5.14 @WebServiceRefs 注解 ........................................................................................................... 145 15.5.15 JavaEE 要求的上下文和依赖注入 .......................................................................................... 145 变更历史 ......................... 146 A.1 自 Servlet3.0 以后的变更 ...................................................................................................................... 146 A.2 自 Servlet 3.0 Proposed Final Draft 以后的变更 .................................................................................. 147 A.3 自 Servlet 3.0 Public Review 以后的变更 ............................................................................................ 147 A.4 自 Servlet 3.0 EDR 以后的变更 ............................................................................................................ 148 A.5 自 Servlet 2.5 MR6 以后的变更 ............................................................................................................ 148 A.6 自 Servlet 2.5 MR 5 以后的变更 ........................................................................................................... 148 A.6.1 明确 SRV 8.4“Forward 方法” ................................................................................................... 148 A.6.2 更新部署描述符“http-method values allowed”........................................................................148 A.6.3 明确 SRV 7.7.1 “多线程问题” ................................................................................................... 149 11 A.7 自 Servlet 2.5 MR 2 以后的变更 ........................................................................................................... 149 A.7.1 更新 JavaEE 容器注解的要求 ................................................................................................... 149 A.7.2 更新 Java 企业版的要求 ............................................................................................................ 149 A.7.3 明确 HttpServletRequest.getRequestURL() ................................................................................ 149 A.7.4 从HttpSession.getId()移除IllegalStateException.......................................................................149 A.7.5 ServletContext.getContextPath()...................................................................................................150 A.7.6 web 应用中的 web.xml 的要求 ................................................................................................... 150 A.8 自 Servlet 2.4 以后的变更 ..................................................................................................................... 150 A.8.1 Session 解释 ................................................................................................................................. 150 A.8.2 过滤所有分派 .............................................................................................................................151 A.8.3 多次出现的 Servlet 映射 ............................................................................................................ 151 A.8.4 多次出现 Filter 映射 .................................................................................................................. 151 A.8.5 授权约束支持其他的 HTTP 方法 ............................................................................................. 152 A.8.6 最低 J2SE 要求 ........................................................................................................................... 153 A.8.7 注解和资源注入 .........................................................................................................................153 A.8.8 移除了 SRV.9.9(“错误处理”)要求 ....................................................................................... 154 A.8.9 明确HttpServletRequest.isRequestedSessionIdValid()...............................................................154 A.8.10 明确SRV.5.5 (“结束响应对象”)........................................................................................154 A.8.11 明确ServletRequest.setCharacterEncoding()............................................................................154 A.8.12 Java 企业版要求 ........................................................................................................................ 154 A.8.13 新增了 Servlet 2.4 MR 更新的变更历史 ................................................................................ 154 A.8.14 明确同步访问 Session 对象 ..................................................................................................... 155 A.9 自 Servlet 2.3 以后的变更 ..................................................................................................................... 155 词汇表 ........................... 159 A......................................................................................................................................................................159 D......................................................................................................................................................................159 P ......................................................................................................................................................................159 R ...................................................................................................................................................................... 159 S ......................................................................................................................................................................159 U......................................................................................................................................................................160 W ..................................................................................................................................................................... 160

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