M.txt
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上传日期:2020-01-11
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- main()主函数
- 每一C 程序都必须有一main()函数, 可以根据自己的爱好把它放在程序的某个地方。有些程序员把它放在最前面, 而另一些程序员把它放在最后面, 无论放在哪个地方, 以下几点说明都是适合的。
- 1. main() 参数
- 在Turbo C2.0启动过程中, 传递main()函数三个参数: argc, argv和env。
- * argc: 整数, 为传给main()的命令行参数个数。
- * argv: 字符串数组。
- 在DOS 3.X 版本中, argv[0] 为程序运行的全路径名; 对DOS 3.0 以下的版本, argv[0]为空串("") 。
- argv[1] 为在DOS命令行中执行程序名后的第一个字符串;
- argv[2] 为执行程序名后的第二个字符串;
- ...
- argv[argc]为NULL。
- *env: 安符串数组。env[] 的每一个元素都包含ENVVAR=value形式的字符串。其中ENVVAR为环境变量如PATH或87。value 为ENVVAR的对应值如C:DOS, C:TURBOC(对于PATH) 或YES(对于87)。
- Turbo C2.0启动时总是把这三个参数传递给main()函数, 可以在用户程序中说明(或不说明)它们, 如果说明了部分(或全部)参数, 它们就成为main()子程序的局部变量。
- 请注意: 一旦想说明这些参数, 则必须按argc, argv, env 的顺序, 如以下的例子:
- main()
- main(int argc)
- main(int argc, char *argv[])
- main(int argc, char *argv[], char *env[])
- 其中第二种情况是合法的, 但不常见, 因为在程序中很少有只用argc, 而不用argv[]的情况。
- 以下提供一样例程序EXAMPLE.EXE, 演示如何在main()函数中使用三个参数:
- /*program name EXAMPLE.EXE*/
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- main(int argc, char *argv[], char *env[])
- {
- int i;
- printf("These are the %d command- line arguments passed to
- main:nn", argc);
- for(i=0; i<=argc; i++)
- printf("argv[%d]:%sn", i, argv[i]);
- printf("nThe environment string(s)on this system are:nn");
- for(i=0; env[i]!=NULL; i++)
- printf(" env[%d]:%sn", i, env[i]);
- }
- 如果在DOS 提示符下, 按以下方式运行EXAMPLE.EXE:
- C:example first_argument "argument with blanks" 3 4 "last butone" stop!
- 注意: 可以用双引号括起内含空格的参数, 如本例中的: " argumentwith blanks"和"Last but one")。
- 结果是这样的:
- The value of argc is 7
- These are the 7 command-linearguments passed to main:
- argv[0]:C:TURBOEXAMPLE.EXE
- argv[1]:first_argument
- argv[2]:argument with blanks
- argv[3]:3
- argv[4]:4
- argv[5]:last but one
- argv[6]:stop!
- argv[7]:(NULL)
- The environment string(s) on this system are:
- env[0]: COMSPEC=C:COMMAND.COM
- env[1]: PROMPT=$P$G /*视具体设置而定*/
- env[2]: PATH=C:DOS;C:TC /*视具体设置而定*/
-
- 应该提醒的是: 传送main() 函数的命令行参数的最大长度为128 个字符 (包括参数间的空格), 这是由DOS 限制的。
-
- 函数名: matherr
- 功 能: 用户可修改的数学错误处理程序
- 用 法: int matherr(struct exception *e);
- 程序例:
- /* This is a user-defined matherr function that prevents
- any error messages from being printed. */
- #include<math.h>
- int matherr(struct exception *a)
- {
- return 1;
- }
-
-
-
- 函数名: memccpy
- 功 能: 从源source中拷贝n个字节到目标destin中
- 用 法: void *memccpy(void *destin, void *source, unsigned char ch, unsigned n);
- 程序例:
- #include <string.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- char *src = "This is the source string";
- char dest[50];
- char *ptr;
- ptr = memccpy(dest, src, 'c', strlen(src));
- if (ptr)
- {
- *ptr = ' ';
- printf("The character was found: %sn", dest);
- }
- else
- printf("The character wasn't foundn");
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- 函数名: malloc
- 功 能: 内存分配函数
- 用 法: void *malloc(unsigned size);
- 程序例:
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include <alloc.h>
- #include <process.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- char *str;
- /* allocate memory for string */
- /* This will generate an error when compiling */
- /* with C++, use the new operator instead. */
- if ((str = malloc(10)) == NULL)
- {
- printf("Not enough memory to allocate buffern");
- exit(1); /* terminate program if out of memory */
- }
- /* copy "Hello" into string */
- strcpy(str, "Hello");
- /* display string */
- printf("String is %sn", str);
- /* free memory */
- free(str);
- return 0;
- }
-
-
-
- 函数名: memchr
- 功 能: 在数组的前n个字节中搜索字符
- 用 法: void *memchr(void *s, char ch, unsigned n);
- 程序例:
- #include <string.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- char str[17];
- char *ptr;
- strcpy(str, "This is a string");
- ptr = memchr(str, 'r', strlen(str));
- if (ptr)
- printf("The character 'r' is at position: %dn", ptr - str);
- else
- printf("The character was not foundn");
- return 0;
- }
-
- 函数名: memcpy
- 功 能: 从源source中拷贝n个字节到目标destin中
- 用 法: void *memcpy(void *destin, void *source, unsigned n);
- 程序例:
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <string.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- char src[] = "******************************";
- char dest[] = "abcdefghijlkmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456709";
- char *ptr;
- printf("destination before memcpy: %sn", dest);
- ptr = memcpy(dest, src, strlen(src));
- if (ptr)
- printf("destination after memcpy: %sn", dest);
- else
- printf("memcpy failedn");
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- 函数名: memicmp
- 功 能: 比较两个串s1和s2的前n个字节, 忽略大小写
- 用 法: int memicmp(void *s1, void *s2, unsigned n);
- 程序例:
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <string.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- char *buf1 = "ABCDE123";
- char *buf2 = "abcde456";
- int stat;
- stat = memicmp(buf1, buf2, 5);
- printf("The strings to position 5 are ");
- if (stat)
- printf("not ");
- printf("the samen");
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- 函数名: memmove
- 功 能: 移动一块字节
- 用 法: void *memmove(void *destin, void *source, unsigned n);
- 程序例:
- #include <string.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- char *dest = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789";
- char *src = "******************************";
- printf("destination prior to memmove: %sn", dest);
- memmove(dest, src, 26);
- printf("destination after memmove: %sn", dest);
- return 0;
- }
-
-
-
- 函数名: memset
- 功 能: 设置s中的所有字节为ch, s数组的大小由n给定
- 用 法: void *memset(void *s, char ch, unsigned n);
- 程序例:
- #include <string.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <mem.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- char buffer[] = "Hello worldn";
- printf("Buffer before memset: %sn", buffer);
- memset(buffer, '*', strlen(buffer) - 1);
- printf("Buffer after memset: %sn", buffer);
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- 函数名: mkdir
- 功 能: 建立一个目录
- 用 法: int mkdir(char *pathname);
- 程序例:
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <conio.h>
- #include <process.h>
- #include <dir.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- int status;
- clrscr();
- status = mkdir("asdfjklm");
- (!status) ? (printf("Directory createdn")) :
- (printf("Unable to create directoryn"));
- getch();
- system("dir");
- getch();
- status = rmdir("asdfjklm");
- (!status) ? (printf("Directory deletedn")) :
- (perror("Unable to delete directory"));
- return 0;
- }
-
-
-
- 函数名: mktemp
- 功 能: 建立唯一的文件名
- 用 法: char *mktemp(char *template);
- 程序例:
- #include <dir.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- /* fname defines the template for the
- temporary file. */
- char *fname = "TXXXXXX", *ptr;
- ptr = mktemp(fname);
- printf("%sn",ptr);
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- 函数名: MK_FP
- 功 能: 设置一个远指针
- 用 法: void far *MK_FP(unsigned seg, unsigned off);
- 程序例:
- #include <dos.h>
- #include <graphics.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- int gd, gm, i;
- unsigned int far *screen;
- detectgraph(&gd, &gm);
- if (gd == HERCMONO)
- screen = MK_FP(0xB000, 0);
- else
- screen = MK_FP(0xB800, 0);
- for (i=0; i<26; i++)
- screen[i] = 0x0700 + ('a' + i);
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- 函数名: modf
- 功 能: 把数分为指数和尾数
- 用 法: double modf(double value, double *iptr);
- 程序例:
- #include <math.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- double fraction, integer;
- double number = 100000.567;
- fraction = modf(number, &integer);
- printf("The whole and fractional parts of %lf are %lf and %lfn",
- number, integer, fraction);
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- 函数名: movedata
- 功 能: 拷贝字节
- 用 法: void movedata(int segsrc, int offsrc, int segdest,
- int offdest, unsigned numbytes);
- 程序例:
- #include <mem.h>
- #define MONO_BASE 0xB000
- /* saves the contents of the monochrome screen in buffer */
- void save_mono_screen(char near *buffer)
- {
- movedata(MONO_BASE, 0, _DS, (unsigned)buffer, 80*25*2);
- }
- int main(void)
- {
- char buf[80*25*2];
- save_mono_screen(buf);
- }
-
-
- 函数名: moverel
- 功 能: 将当前位置(CP)移动一相对距离
- 用 法: void far moverel(int dx, int dy);
- 程序例:
- #include <graphics.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <conio.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- /* request auto detection */
- int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
- char msg[80];
- /* initialize graphics and local variables */
- initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
- /* read result of initialization */
- errorcode = graphresult();
- if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
- {
- printf("Graphics error: %sn", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
- printf("Press any key to halt:");
- getch();
- exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
- }
- /* move the C.P. to location (20, 30) */
- moveto(20, 30);
- /* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
- putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());
- /* create and output a message at (20, 30) */
- sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
- outtextxy(20, 30, msg);
- /* move to a point a relative distance */
- /* away from the current value of C.P. */
- moverel(100, 100);
- /* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
- putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());
- /* create and output a message at C.P. */
- sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
- outtext(msg);
- /* clean up */
- getch();
- closegraph();
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- 函数名: movetext
- 功 能: 将屏幕文本从一个矩形区域拷贝到另一个矩形区域
- 用 法: int movetext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
- int newleft, int newtop);
- 程序例:
- #include <conio.h>
- #include <string.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- char *str = "This is a test string";
- clrscr();
- cputs(str);
- getch();
- movetext(1, 1, strlen(str), 2, 10, 10);
- getch();
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- 函数名: moveto
- 功 能: 将CP移到(x, y)
- 用 法: void far moveto(int x, int y);
- 程序例:
- #include <graphics.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <conio.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- /* request auto detection */
- int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
- char msg[80];
- /* initialize graphics and local variables */
- initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
- /* read result of initialization */
- errorcode = graphresult();
- if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
- {
- printf("Graphics error: %sn", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
- printf("Press any key to halt:");
- getch();
- exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
- }
- /* move the C.P. to location (20, 30) */
- moveto(20, 30);
- /* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
- putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());
- /* create and output a message at (20, 30) */
- sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
- outtextxy(20, 30, msg);
- /* move to (100, 100) */
- moveto(100, 100);
- /* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
- putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());
- /* create and output a message at C.P. */
- sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
- outtext(msg);
- /* clean up */
- getch();
- closegraph();
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- 函数名: movemem
- 功 能: 移动一块字节
- 用 法: void movemem(void *source, void *destin, unsigned len);
- 程序例:
- #include <mem.h>
- #include <alloc.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <string.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- char *source = "Borland International";
- char *destination;
- int length;
- length = strlen(source);
- destination = malloc(length + 1);
- movmem(source,destination,length);
- printf("%sn",destination);
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- 函数名: normvideo
- 功 能: 选择正常亮度字符
- 用 法: void normvideo(void);
- 程序例:
- #include <conio.h>
- int main(void)
- {
- normvideo();
- cprintf("NORMAL Intensity Textrn");
- return 0;
- }
-
-
- 函数名: nosound
- 功 能: 关闭PC扬声器
- 用 法: void nosound(void);
- 程序例:
- /* Emits a 7-Hz tone for 10 seconds.
- True story: 7 Hz is the resonant frequency of a chicken's skull cavity.
- This was determined empirically in Australia, where a new factory
- generating 7-Hz tones was located too close to a chicken ranch:
- When the factory started up, all the chickens died.
- Your PC may not be able to emit a 7-Hz tone.
- */
- int main(void)
- {
- sound(7);
- delay(10000);
- nosound();
- }