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5054(same)S
3936 V
1440(effect)S
1696(as)S
(calling)274 1805 A
2104(the)S
2252(program)S
2618(as)S
10 B
2727(cc)S
10 R
2817(.)S
4104 V
10 B-1
1080(-)S
10 B
1137(descr)S
10 I
1392(descr)S
4224 V
10 R
1440(Allows)S
1764(one)S
1942(to)S
(choose)279 2053 A
2365(the)S
2521(pass)S
2727(description)S
3207(256le)S
3369(of)S
3486(the)S
3642(driver.)S
3966(By)S
4116(default)S
10 I
4429(descr)S
10 R
4680(is)S
4780(the)S
4936(same)S
5177(as)S
4344 V
10 I
1440(name)S
10 R
1666(,)S
1738(the)S
1908(call)S
2101(name)S
2366(of)S
2496(the)S
2665(program.)S
3102(If)S
10 I
3216(descr)S
10 R
3480(doesn't)S
3822(start)S
4042(with)S
10 B
4267(/)S
10 R
4295(,)S
10 B
4366(./)S
10 R
4419(,)S
4490(or)S
10 B
4620(../)S
10 R
4744(then)S
4963(the)S
5132(256le)S
4464 V
10 B
(/usr/lib/)336 1440 A
10 I
1776(descr)S
10 B
2002(/descr)S
10 R
(will)157 2294 A
2485(be)S
2614(used)S
2832(for)S
2984(the)S
3141(description,)S
3647(otherwise)S
10 I
4073(descr)S
10 R
4326(itself.)S
4613(Thus)S
10 B
4849(cc)S
10 B-1
4974(-)S
10 B
5031(descr)S
4584 V
1440(newcc)S
10 R
1739(calls)S
1959(the)S
2117(C-compiler)S
2611(with)S
2825(a)S
2905(different)S
3288(description)S
3770(256le)S
(without)307 3934 A
4276(changing)S
4679(the)S
4837(call)S
5018(name.)S
4704 V
1440(Finally,)S
1789(if)S
10 I
1890(descr)S
10 R
2147(is)S
10 B
2253(")S
10 B-1
2309(-)S
10 B
2366(")S
10 R
2422(,)S
2486(standard)S
(input)206 2866 A
3111(is)S
3217(read.)S
3480((The)S
3710(default)S
4030(lib)S
4176(directory)S
10 B
(/usr/lib)308 4580 A
10 R
4888(,)S
4953(may)S
5166(be)S
4824 V
1440(changed)S
1826(to)S
10 I
1955(dir)S
10 R
2123(at)S
2247(compile)S
2622(time)S
2852(by)S
10 B-1
3002(-)S
10 B
3059(DLIB=\")S
10 I
3446(dir)S
10 B
3563(\")S
10 R
3647(.)S
3747(The)S
3954(default)S
10 I
4284(descr)S
10 R
4552(may)S
4775(be)S
4920(set)S
5082(with)S
4944 V
10 B-1
1440(-)S
10 B
1497(DDESCR=\")S
10 I
2053(descr)S
10 B
2271(\")S
10 R
2380(for)S
2523(simple)S
2816(installations)S
3327(on)S
3452(a)S
3522(system)S
(without)307 3826 A
4158(symlinks.))S
5112 V
10 B-1
1080(-)S
10 B
1137(T)S
10 I
1229(dir)S
10 R
1440(Temporary)S
1923(256les)S
2126(are)S
2285(made)S
2538(in)S
10 B
2651(/tmp)S
10 R
2888(by)S
3023(default,)S
3364(which)S
3646(may)S
3855(be)S
3986(overridden)S
4458(by)S
4594(the)S
4753(environment)S
5232 V
1440(variable)S
10 B
1790(TMPDIR)S
10 R
2199(,)S
2249(which)S
2520(may)S
2718(be)S
2838(overridden)S
3299(by)S
3424(the)S
10 B-1
3572(-)S
10 B
3629(T)S
10 R
3721(option.)S
5400 V
9 R
720(T)S
722(TH)S
780(HE)S
848(E)S
929(D)S
931(DE)S
999(ES)S
1057(SC)S
1109(CR)S
1171(RI)S
1233(IP)S
1266(PT)S
1318(TI)S
1376(IO)S
1409(ON)S
1477(N)S
1568(F)S
1570(FI)S
1622(IL)S
1655(LE)S
1713(E)S
5520 V
10 R
1080(The)S
1262(description)S
1734(256le)S
1888(is)S
1980(a)S
2051(program)S
2418(interpreted)S
2881(by)S
3007(the)S
3156(driver.)S
3473(It)S
3561(has)S
3721(variables,)S
4136(lists)S
4324(of)S
4434(256les,)S
4653(argument)S
5059(pars-)S
5640 V
1080(ing)S
1233(commands,)S
1718(and)S
1888(rules)S
2109(for)S
2252(transforming)S
(input)206 2797 A
3028(256les.)S
5808 V
870(S)S
872(Sy)S
930(yn)S
982(nt)S
1034(ta)S
1064(ax)S
1111(x)S
5928 V
1080(There)S
1341(are)S
1490(four)S
1683(simple)S
1976(objects:)S
6096 V
1440(Words,)S
(Substitutions,)549 1758 A
2332(Letters,)S
2663(and)S
2833(Operators.)S
6264 V
1080(And)S
1278(there)S
1505(are)S
1654(two)S
1830(ways)S
2062(to)S
(group)234 2165 A
2424(objects:)S
6432 V
1440(Lists,)S
1686(forming)S
2035(sequences)S
2468(of)S
2577(anything)S
2953(but)S
3106(letters,)S
6600 V
1440(Strings,)S
1775(forming)S
2124(sequences)S
2557(of)S
2666(anything)S
3042(but)S
3195(Words)S
3488(and)S
3658(Operators.)S
6768 V
1080(Each)S
1307(object)S
1578(has)S
1737(the)S
1885(following)S
2301(syntax:)S
6936 V
1080(Words)S
1440(They)S
1686(are)S
1849(sequences)S
2296(of)S
2419(characters,)S
2893(like)S
10 B
3084(cc)S
10 R
3174(,)S
10 B-1
3239(-)S
10 B
3296(I/usr/include)S
10 R
3845(,)S
10 B
(/lib/cpp)325 3910 A
10 R
4235(.)S
4325(No)S
(whitespace)448 4488 A
4976(and)S
5161(no)S
7056 V
1440(special)S
1753(characters.)S
2246(The)S
2436(backslash)S
2860(character)S
3264(()S
10 B
3298(\)S
10 R
3326())S
3392(may)S
3597(be)S
3724(used)S
3940(to)S
4050(make)S
4300(special)S
4612(characters)S
5054(com-)S
7176 V
1440(mon,)S
1668(except)S
(whitespace.)473 1956 A
2479(A)S
2577(backslash)S
2993(followed)S
3376(by)S
(whitespace)448 3501 A
3974(is)S
4066(completely)S
4538(removed)S
4916(from)S
5138(the)S
7296 V
(input.)231 1440 A
1721(The)S
1903(sequence)S
10 B
2297(\n)S
10 R
2406(is)S
2498(changed)S
2858(to)S
2961(a)S
3031(newline.)S
7903 V
720(Page)S
941(1)S
4455(September)S
4911(17,)S
(1996)200 5061 A
8143 V
EP
%%Page: 2 2
BP
/slant 0 def
/height 0 def
480 V
10 R
720(ACD)S
941(()S
983(1)S
1041())S
2696(Eighth)S
(Edition)296 2989 A
4906(ACD)S
5127(()S
5169(1)S
5227())S
960 V
(Substitutions)524 1080 A
1080 V
1440(A)S
(substitution)468 1546 A
2048((henceforth)S
2547(called)S
2822('subst'))S
3164(is)S
3265(formed)S
3590(with)S
3803(a)S
10 B
3882($)S
10 R
3932(,)S
3991(e.g.)S
10 B
4195($opt)S
10 R
4385(,)S
10 B
4444($PATH)S
10 R
4774(,)S
10 B
4833(${lib})S
10 R
5075(,)S
10 B
5134($)S
10 Y
5184(*)S
5186(*)S
10 R
5236(.)S
1200 V
1440(The)S
1633(variable)S
1994(name)S
2248(after)S
2470(the)S
10 B
2629($)S
10 R
2714(is)S
2816(made)S
3069(of)S
3188(letters,)S
3495(digits)S
3753(and)S
(underscores,)506 3933 A
4474(or)S
4593(any)S
4773(sequence)S
5177(of)S
1320 V
1440(characters)S
1884(between)S
2254(parentheses)S
2759(or)S
(braces,)283 2878 A
3196(or)S
3315(a)S
3395(single)S
3670(other)S
3912(character.)S
4368(A)S
4476(subst)S
4717(indicates)S
5110(that)S
1440 V
1440(the)S
1588(value)S
1831(of)S
1940(the)S
2088(named)S
2381(variable)S
2731(must)S
2951(be)S
(substituted)435 3071 A
3531(in)S
3634(the)S
3782(list)S
3930(or)S
4039(string)S
4293(when)S
4536(fully)S
4751(evaluated.)S
1608 V
1080(Letters)S
1440(Letters)S
1746(are)S
1895(the)S
2043(single)S
2308(characters)S
2743(that)S
2919(would)S
3195(make)S
3438(up)S
3563(a)S
3633(word.)S
1776 V
1080(Operators)S
1896 V
1440(The)S
1633(characters)S
10 B
2079(=)S
10 R
2136(,)S
10 B
2197(+)S
10 R
2254(,)S
10 B-1
2315(-)S
10 R
2372(,)S
10 Y
2433(*)S
2435(*)S
10 R
2485(,)S
10 B
2546(<)S
10 R
2603(,)S
2664(and)S
10 B
2845(>)S
10 R
2938(are)S
3098(the)S
3257(operators.)S
3718(The)S
3911(256rst)S
4104(four)S
4308(must)S
4540(be)S
(surrounded)452 4672 A
5161(by)S
2016 V
(whitespace)448 1440 A
1921(if)S
2016(they)S
2222(are)S
2378(to)S
2488(be)S
2615(seen)S
2826(as)S
2942(special)S
3254((they)S
3493(are)S
3649(often)S
3888(used)S
4104(in)S
4214(arguments).)S
4749(The)S
4938(last)S
5110(two)S
2136 V
1440(are)S
1589(always)S
1894(special.)S
2304 V
1080(Lists)S
1440(One)S
1636(line)S
1815(of)S
1927(objects)S
2240(in)S
2346(the)S
2497(description)S
2972(256le)S
3129(forms)S
3392(a)S
3465(list.)S
3666(Put)S
3828(parentheses)S
(around)279 4326 A
4633(it)S
4718(and)S
(you)150 4892 A
5071(have)S
2424 V
1440(a)S
1510(sublist.)S
1847(The)S
2029(values)S
2311(of)S
2420(variables)S
2809(are)S
2958(lists.)S
2592 V
1080(Strings)S
1440(Anything)S
1852(that)S
2036(is)S
2136(not)S
2297(yet)S
2453(a)S
2531(word)S
2771(is)S
2871(a)S
2949(string.)S
3261(All)S
3423(it)S
3512(needs)S
3774(is)S
3874(that)S
4058(the)S
4214(substs)S
4492(in)S
4603(it)S
4692(are)S
4850(evaluated,)S
2712 V
1440(e.g.)S
10 B
($LIBPATH/lib$key.a)919 1646 A
10 R
2565(.)S
2651(A)S
2760(single)S
3036(subst)S
3278(doesn't)S
3610(make)S
3863(a)S
3943(string,)S
4232(it)S
4323(expands)S
4687(to)S
4800(a)S
4880(list.)S
5088(You)S
2832 V
1440(need)S
1663(at)S
1769(least)S
1987(one)S
2165(letter)S
2406(or)S
2523(other)S
2763(subst)S
3002(next)S
3208(to)S
3319(it.)S
3458(Strings)S
3777((and)S
3990(words))S
4304(may)S
4511(also)S
4707(be)S
4836(formed)S
5161(by)S
2952 V
1440(enclosing)S
1850(them)S
2076(in)S
(double)273 2179 A
(quotes.)287 2477 A
2814(Only)S
10 B
3040(\)S
10 R
3093(and)S
10 B
3263($)S
10 R
3338(keep)S
3553(their)S
3763(special)S
4068(meaning)S
4439(within)S
(quotes.)287 4721 A
3120 V
870(E)S
872(Ev)S
936(va)S
988(al)S
1035(lu)S
1065(ua)S
1117(at)S
1164(ti)S
1194(io)S
1224(on)S
1276(n)S
3240 V
1080(One)S
1276(thing)S
1510(has)S
1672(to)S
1778(be)S
1902(carefully)S
(understood:)474 2290 A
(Substitutions)524 2793 A
3346(are)S
3499(delayed)S
(until)184 3841 A
4054(the)S
4206(last)S
4375(possible)S
4733(moment,)S
5116(and)S
3360 V
1080(description)S
1573(256les)S
1787(make)S
2051(heavy)S
2337(use)S
2517(of)S
2647(this.)S
2888(Only)S
3135(if)S
3243(a)S
3334(subst)S
3586(is)S
3699(tainted,)S
4044(either)S
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4684(its)S
4824(variable)S
5194(is)S
3480 V
1080(declared)S
1448(local,)S
1696(or)S
(because)319 1807 A
2153(a)S
2225(subst)S
2458(in)S
2563(its)S
2685(variable's)S
3110(value)S
3355(is)S
3449(tainted,)S
3775(is)S
3869(it)S
3952(immediately)S
(substituted.)460 4482 A
4994(So)S
5127(if)S
5216(a)S
3600 V
1080(list)S
1233(is)S
1330(assigned)S
1706(to)S
1814(a)S
1889(variable)S
2244(then)S
2447(this)S
2622(list)S
2775(is)S
2872(only)S
3080(checked)S
3440(for)S
3588(tainted)S
3892(substs.)S
4217(Those)S
4492(substs)S
4766(are)S
(replaced)342 4919 A
3720 V
1080(by)S
1205(the)S
1353(value)S
1596(of)S
1705(their)S
1915(variable.)S
2315(This)S
2519(is)S
2611(called)S
2877(partial)S
3160(evaluation.)S
3888 V
1080(Full)S
1267(evaluation)S
1711(expands)S
2065(all)S
2191(substs,)S
2486(the)S
2634(list)S
2782(is)S
2874(257attened,)S
3271(i.e.)S
3419(all)S
3545(parentheses)S
4040(are)S
4189(removed)S
4566(from)S
4787(sublists.)S
4056 V
1080(Implosive)S
1510(evaluation)S
1957(is)S
2052(the)S
2203(last)S
2371(that)S
2550(has)S
2712(to)S
2818(be)S
(done)195 2941 A
3164(to)S
3270(a)S
3343(list)S
3494(before)S
3780(it)S
3864(can)S
4032(be)S
4155(used)S
4368(as)S
4481(a)S
4555(command)S
4980(to)S
5087(exe-)S
4176 V
1080(cute.)S
1330(The)S
1519(substs)S
1796(within)S
2085(a)S
2162(string)S
2423(have)S
2645(been)S
2867(evaluated)S
3285(to)S
3395(lists)S
3589(after)S
3807(full)S
3979(expansion,)S
4443(but)S
4603(a)S
4680(string)S
4940(must)S
5166(be)S
4296 V
1080(turned)S
1363(into)S
1545(a)S
1616(single)S
1882(word,)S
2140(not)S
2294(a)S
2366(list.)S
2566(To)S
2705(make)S
2950(this)S
3122(happen,)S
3464(a)S
3536(string)S
3792(is)S
3886(256rst)S
4070(exploded)S
4465(to)S
4570(all)S
4698(possible)S
5054(com-)S
4416 V
1080(binations)S
1482(of)S
1600(words)S
(choosing)362 1880 A
2276(one)S
2455(member)S
2819(of)S
2937(the)S
3094(lists)S
3290(within)S
3581(the)S
3738(string.)S
4051(These)S
4326(words)S
4606(are)S
4764(tried)S
4983(one)S
5161(by)S
4536 V
1080(one)S
1254(to)S
1361(see)S
1519(if)S
1610(they)S
1812(exist)S
2031(as)S
2144(a)S
2218(256le.)S
2426(The)S
2612(256rst)S
2798(one)S
2972(that)S
3153(exists)S
3412(is)S
3509(taken,)S
3782(if)S
(none)195 3874 A
4099(exists)S
4358(than)S
4561(the)S
4714(256rst)S
4901(choice)S
5194(is)S
4656 V
1080(used.)S
1343(As)S
1483(an)S
1606(example,)S
2000(assume)S
10 B
2324(LIBPATH)S
10 R
2805(equals)S
10 B
((/lib)174 3090 A
(/usr/lib))342 3292 A
10 R
3634(,)S
10 B
3687(key)S
10 R
3866(is)S
10 B
3961((c))S
10 R
4102(and)S
10 B
4275(key)S
10 R
4454(happens)S
4811(to)S
4917(be)S
5040(local.)S
4776 V
1080(Then)S
1312(we)S
1455(have:)S
4944 V
10 B
("$LIBPATH/lib$key.a")1031 1440 A
5112 V
10 R
1080(before)S
1363(evaluation,)S
5280 V
10 B
("$LIBPATH/lib(c).a")943 1440 A
5448 V
10 R
1080(after)S
1291(partial)S
1574(evaluation,)S
5616 V
10 B
("(/lib/libc.a)490 1440 A
(/usr/lib/libc.a)")658 1955 A
5784 V
10 R
1080(after)S
1291(full)S
1456(evaluation,)S
1925(and)S
2095(256nally)S
5952 V
10 B
(/usr/lib/libc.a)568 1440 A
6120 V
10 R
1080(after)S
1291(implosion,)S
1742(if)S
1829(the)S
1977(256le)S
2131(exists.)S
6288 V
870(O)S
872(Op)S
947(pe)S
999(er)S
1046(ra)S
1082(at)S
1129(to)S
1159(or)S
1211(rs)S
1247(s)S
6408 V
1080(The)S
1262(operators)S
1662(modify)S
1977(the)S
2125(way)S
2318(evaluation)S
2762(is)S
(done)195 2854 A
3074(and)S
3244(perform)S
3594(a)S
3664(special)S
3969(function)S
4329(on)S
4454(a)S
4524(list:)S
6576 V
10 Y
1080(*)S
1082(*)S
10 R
1440(Forces)S
1741(full)S
1913(evaluation)S
2364(on)S
2496(all)S
2629(the)S
2784(list)S
2939(elements)S
3329(following)S
3752(it.)S
3890(Use)S
4079(it)S
4168(to)S
4279(force)S
(substitution)468 4520 A
5021(of)S
5138(the)S
6696 V
1440(current)S
1751(value)S
1994(of)S
2103(a)S
2173(variable.)S
2573(This)S
2777(is)S
2869(the)S
3017(only)S
3220(operator)S
3581(that)S
3757(forces)S
4029(immediate)S
4479(evaluation.)S
6864 V
10 B
1080(+)S
10 R
1440(When)S
1705(a)S
10 B
1775(+)S
10 R
1857(exists)S
2111(in)S
2214(a)S
2285(list)S
2434(that)S
2611(is)S
2704(fully)S
2920(evaluated,)S
3357(then)S
3556(all)S
3683(the)S
3832(elements)S
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1622(-)S
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1679(I$INCLUDE)S
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1930(=)S
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872(Sp)S
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1080(word)S
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2880 V
1080(word.))S
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1579(is)S
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1830(a)S
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2617(then)S
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2969(list)S
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3622(and)S
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4119(a)S
8 R
4187(UNIX)S
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4416(command)S
4840(with)S
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3000 V
1080(ments.)S
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1569((by)S
1734(tabs)S
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4092(used)S
4308(to)S
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4906(together.)S
3288 V
1080(Some)S
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2296(a)S
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1996(#)S
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1080(Acd)S
10 R
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2156(unexpected)S
2651(indentation)S
3140(shifts)S
3395(and)S
3577(empty)S
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4214(Commands)S
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4887(share)S
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3984 V
1080(same)S
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4001(indented)S
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5088(then)S
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1080("guards")S
1464(to)S
1576(the)S
1733(same)S
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2412(are)S
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2789(one)S
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4315(which)S
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4986(is)S
5087(exe-)S
4224 V
1080(cuted.)S
4392 V
1080(Semicolons)S
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1901(used)S
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2219(separate)S
2578(commands)S
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3902(The)S
4087(commands)S
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4906(all)S
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5138(the)S
4512 V
1080(indentation)S
1557(level)S
1778(of)S
1887(the)S
2035(256rst.)S
4680 V
870(E)S
872(Ex)S
936(xe)S
988(ec)S
1035(cu)S
1082(ut)S
1134(ti)S
1164(io)S
1194(on)S
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1323(p)S
1325(ph)S
1377(ha)S
1429(as)S
1476(se)S
1517(es)S
1564(s)S
4800 V
1080(The)S
1279(driver)S
1562(runs)S
1777(in)S
1897(three)S
2141(phases:)S
(Initialization,)540 2479 A
3061(Argument)S
3511(scanning,)S
3935(and)S
4122(Compilation.)S
4716(Not)S
4910(all)S
5054(com-)S
4920 V
1080(mands)S
1367(work)S
1599(in)S
1702(all)S
1828(phases.)S
2171(This)S
2375(is)S
2467(further)S
2767(explained)S
3183(below.)S
5088 V
870(T)S
872(Th)S
936(he)S
988(e)S
1060(C)S
1062(Co)S
1131(om)S
1183(mm)S
1263(ma)S
1343(an)S
1390(nd)S
1442(ds)S
1494(s)S
5208 V
1080(The)S
1262(commands)S
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2449(that)S
2625(are)S
2774(usually)S
3089(generic)S
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3907(that)S
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4439(to)S
4543(a)S
4614(word)S
4847(or)S
4957(a)S
5028(list)S
5177(of)S
5328 V
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1407(When)S
10 I
1678(var)S
10 R
1843(is)S
1941(speci256ed,)S
2355(then)S
2559(a)S
2635(single)S
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3865(be)S
3991(given,)S
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1335(name)S
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1578(=)S
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1660(value)S
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1886(,)S
1936(or)S
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2045($)S
10 I
2095(name)S
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2338(=)S
10 I
2420(value)S
10 R
2646(.)S
5616 V
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1080(var)S
10 B
1247(=)S
10 I
1329(expr)S
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5736 V
10 R
1440(The)S
1636(partially)S
2011(evaluated)S
2436(list)S
2598(of)S
2721(expressions)S
3230(is)S
3337(assigned)S
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3841(var)S
10 R
3983(.)S
4073(During)S
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4561(evaluation)S
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5127(var)S
5856 V
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1440(marked)S
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2651(assignment)S
3128(set)S
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4010(de256ned.)S
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1080(unset)S
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1335(var)S
6144 V
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1616(is)S
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1080(import)S
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1540(var)S
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4117(var)S
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4259(.)S
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5053(::)S
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5121())S
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6672 V
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1903(a)S
1973(dot.)S
6840 V
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1080(mktemp)S
10 I
1464(var)S
10 B
1631([)S
10 I
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1891(])S
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1900(var)S
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2066(the)S
2221(name)S
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2587(a)S
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3823(something)S
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1440(suf256x)S
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1682(is)S
1779(present)S
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2303(it)S
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3902(name.)S
4199((Use)S
4419(it)S
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4852(some)S
5093(pro-)S
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1440(grams)S
1715(require)S
2030(it,)S
2140(or)S
2253(just)S
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2775(it)S
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3419(Acd)S
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3622(remembers)S
4099(this)S
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4820(delete)S
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5177(as)S
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1654(as)S
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2615(it.)S
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720(Page)S
941(3)S
4455(September)S
4911(17,)S
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1080(temporary)S
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4525(word)S
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1080(stop)S
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3505(stop)S
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3710(command)S
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2091(on)S
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2216(suf256x)S
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2436(,)S
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3338(a)S
3408(dot.))S
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1080(treat)S
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4893(-)S
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4950(l)S
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5005(option)S
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1876(the)S
2024(loader)S
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2759(it)S
2840(as)S
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3395(.a)S
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3495(suf256x.)S
2544 V
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1080(numeric)S
10 I
1464(arg)S
2664 V
10 R
1440(Checks)S
1761(if)S
10 I
1848(arg)S
10 R
2012(is)S
2104(a)S
2174(number.)S
2556(If)S
2649(not)S
2802(then)S
10 B
3000(acd)S
10 R
(will)157 3176 A
3358(exit)S
3534(with)S
3738(a)S
3808(nice)S
4001(error)S
4223(message.)S
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10 B
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1335(expr)S
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1440(Makes)S
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1881(driver)S
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2362(the)S
2510(error)S
2732(message)S
10 I
3098(expr)S
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3402(and)S
3572(exit.)S
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1080(if)S
10 I
1167(expr)S
10 B
1379(=)S
10 I
1461(expr)S
3240 V
10 B
1440(If)S
10 R
1540(tests)S
1746(if)S
1835(the)S
1985(two)S
2163(expressions)S
2660(are)S
2812(equal)S
3058(using)S
3303(set)S
3443(comparison,)S
3965(i.e.)S
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4329(expression)S
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2376(transform)S
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1080(compile)S
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8143 V
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10 I
(/tmp/ar.$$$$$)571 3082 A
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720(S)S
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913(A)S
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720(Page)S
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3292())S
4455(September)S
4911(17,)S
(1996)200 5061 A
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720(N)S
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2747(return,)S
3038(setvar,)S
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3648(a)S
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1921(+efIijnsxz)S
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10 R
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9 R
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852(PY)S
904(YR)S
972(RI)S
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1656 V
10 R
(Copyright)407 1080 A
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722(DE)S
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1879(sh)S
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4966(lists)S
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10 I
1682(ash)S
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3552(arg)S
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5122(ash)S
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10 R
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1821(and)S
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2173(read)S
2372(commands)S
2832(from)S
3053(the)S
3201(standard)S
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1080(The)S
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4082(remaining)S
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4734(any)S
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4908(arg)S
10 R
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1394(set)S
10 R
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2257(for)S
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1404(standard)S
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4421(-i)S
10 R
4512(257ag)S
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10 R
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2854(-j)S
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3649(the)S
10 B
3797(-i)S
10 R
3884(257ag)S
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4337(-i)S
10 R
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4865(command)S
4056 V
1080(was)S
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4604(-i)S
10 R
4702(option)S
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1080(come)S
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1534(the)S
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1682(-c)S
10 R
1786(option.)S
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1080(If)S
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4427(be)S
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4631(login)S
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4464 V
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1237(256les)S
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1439(/etc/pro256le)S
10 R
1933(and)S
10 B
2112(.pro256le)S
10 R
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3496(the)S
3652(environment)S
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5016(set)S
5161(on)S
4584 V
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5009(exam-)S
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1080(ined)S
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1371(the)S
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1835(a)S
1908(login)S
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2385(or)S
2497(if)S
2587(it)S
2671(the)S
2822(shell)S
3040(is)S
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3548(shell)S
3766(procedure.)S
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4625(is)S
4720(considered)S
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10 R
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3047(the)S
10 B
3195(-c)S
10 R
3299(options)S
3619(are)S
3768(set.))S
5064 V
10 B
864(Control)S
1225(Structures)S
5232 V
10 R
1080(A)S
10 I
1181(list)S
10 R
1332(is)S
1427(a)S
1500(sequence)S
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2009(zero)S
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3558(newlines,)S
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4587(ampersands,)S
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1080(optionally)S
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2303(of)S
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3942(from)S
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4766(shell,)S
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1433(a)S
1506(list)S
1657(to)S
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4310(in)S
4417(a)S
4491(list)S
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4796(executed)S
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5592 V
1080(the)S
1232(order)S
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1674(are)S
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3931(the)S
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4480(to)S
4590(terminate)S
5003(before)S
5832 V
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1655(the)S
1803(next)S
2001(one.)S
6000 V
1080(``&&'')S
1417(and)S
1607(``||'')S
1828(are)S
1997(binary)S
2299(operators.)S
2769(``&&'')S
3106(executes)S
3498(the)S
3666(256rst)S
3868(command,)S
4335(and)S
4526(then)S
4745(executes)S
5138(the)S
6120 V
(second)279 1080 A
1401(command)S
1839(iff)S
1977(the)S
2142(exit)S
2335(status)S
2606(of)S
2732(the)S
2897(256rst)S
3096(command)S
3534(is)S
3643(zero.)S
3909(``||'')S
4127(is)S
4235(similar,)S
4581(but)S
4750(executes)S
5138(the)S
6240 V
(second)279 1080 A
1394(command)S
1825(iff)S
1956(the)S
2114(exit)S
2300(status)S
2564(of)S
2683(the)S
2841(256rst)S
3033(command)S
3464(is)S
(nonzero.)349 3567 A
3977(``&&'')S
4305(and)S
4486(``||'')S
4698(both)S
4912(have)S
5138(the)S
6360 V
1080(same)S
1312(priority.)S
6528 V
1080(The)S
1272(``|'')S
1463(operator)S
1834(is)S
1937(a)S
2018(binary)S
2311(operator)S
2683(which)S
2965(feeds)S
3214(the)S
3373(standard)S
3750(output)S
4042(of)S
4162(the)S
4321(256rst)S
4514(command)S
4946(into)S
5138(the)S
6648 V
1080(standard)S
(input)206 1460 A
1705(of)S
1828(the)S
(second)279 1990 A
2308(command.)S
2792(The)S
2987(exit)S
3176(status)S
3443(of)S
3565(the)S
3726(``|'')S
3920(operator)S
4294(is)S
4399(the)S
4560(exit)S
4749(status)S
5016(of)S
5138(the)S
6768 V
(second)279 1080 A
1384(command.)S
1855(``|'')S
2036(has)S
2195(a)S
2265(higher)S
2547(priority)S
2874(than)S
3072(``||'')S
3273(or)S
3382(``&&''.)S
6936 V
1080(An)S
10 I
1228(if)S
10 R
1309(command)S
(looks)217 1730 A
1972(like)S
7176 V
10 B
1480(if)S
10 R
1567(list)S
7296 V
10 B
1480(then)S
10 R
1840(list)S
7416 V
1421([)S
10 B
1480(elif)S
10 R
1640(list)S
7536 V
10 B
1530(then)S
10 R
1840(list)S
1988(])S
(...)75 2047 A
7903 V
720(Page)S
941(1)S
2654(()S
2696(March)S
2984(7,)S
(1991)200 3084 A
3292())S
4455(September)S
4911(17,)S
(1996)200 5061 A
8143 V
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/slant 0 def
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480 V
10 R
720(SH)S
857(()S
899(1)S
957())S
2696(Eighth)S
(Edition)296 2989 A
4990(SH)S
5127(()S
5169(1)S
5227())S
960 V
1421([)S
10 B
1480(else)S
10 R
1781(list)S
1929(])S
1080 V
10 B
1480(256)S
1368 V
10 R
1080(A)S
10 I
1178(while)S
10 R
1421(command)S
(looks)217 1842 A
2084(like)S
1608 V
10 B
1480(while)S
10 R
1735(list)S
1728 V
10 B
1480(do)S
10 R
1840(list)S
1848 V
10 B
1480(done)S
2088 V
10 R
1080(The)S
1263(two)S
1440(lists)S
1628(are)S
1778(executed)S
2162(repeatedly)S
2608(while)S
2858(the)S
3007(exit)S
3184(status)S
3439(of)S
3549(the)S
3698(256rst)S
3881(list)S
4031(is)S
4125(zero.)S
4376(The)S
10 I
(until)184 4560 A
10 R
4771(command)S
5194(is)S
2208 V
1080(similar,)S
1410(but)S
1563(has)S
1722(the)S
1870(word)S
10 B
2102(until)S
10 R
2329(in)S
(place)213 2432 A
2670(of)S
10 B
2779(while)S
2328 V
10 R
1105(repeats)S
(until)184 1416 A
1625(the)S
1773(exit)S
1949(status)S
2203(of)S
2312(the)S
2460(256rst)S
2642(list)S
2790(is)S
2882(zero.)S
2496 V
1080(The)S
10 I
1262(for)S
10 R
1404(command)S
(looks)217 1825 A
2067(like)S
2736 V
10 B
1480(for)S
10 R
1634(variable)S
10 B
1984(in)S
10 R
(word...)282 2093 A
2856 V
10 B
1480(do)S
10 R
1840(list)S
2976 V
10 B
1480(done)S
3216 V
10 R
1080(The)S
1267(words)S
1543(are)S
1697(expanded,)S
2137(and)S
2312(then)S
2515(the)S
2668(list)S
2821(is)S
2918(executed)S
3306(repeatedly)S
3757(with)S
3967(the)S
4121(variable)S
4477(set)S
4620(to)S
(each)185 4729 A
4945(word)S
5183(in)S
3336 V
1080(turn.)S
10 B
1317(do)S
10 R
1448(and)S
10 B
1618(done)S
10 R
1850(may)S
2048(be)S
(replaced)342 2168 A
2535(with)S
2739(``{'')S
2948(and)S
3118(``}''.)S
3504 V
1080(The)S
10 I
1262(break)S
10 R
1516(and)S
10 I
1686(continue)S
10 R
2057(commands)S
(look)178 2517 A
2720(like)S
3744 V
10 B
1480(break)S
10 R
1757([)S
1816(num)S
2019(])S
3864 V
10 B
1480(continue)S
10 R
1875([)S
1934(num)S
2137(])S
4104 V
10 I
1080(Break)S
10 R
1353(terminates)S
1805(the)S
10 I
1960(num)S
10 R
2165(innermost)S
10 I
2599(for)S
10 R
2748(or)S
10 I
2864(while)S
10 R
(loops.)242 3115 A
10 I
3415(Continue)S
10 R
3816(continues)S
4234(with)S
4446(the)S
4602(next)S
4808(iteration)S
5177(of)S
4224 V
1080(the)S
10 I
1228(num'th)S
10 R
1538(innermost)S
(loop.)203 1965 A
2218(These)S
2484(are)S
2633(implemented)S
3183(as)S
(builtin)262 3292 A
3579(commands.)S
4392 V
1080(The)S
10 I
1262(case)S
10 R
1466(command)S
(looks)217 1887 A
2129(like)S
4632 V
10 B
1480(case)S
10 R
1684(word)S
10 B
1916(in)S
4752 V
10 R
1480(pattern)S
10 B
1760())S
10 R
1819(list)S
10 B
1967(;;)S
4872 V
10 R
(...)75 1480 A
4992 V
10 B
1480(esac)S
5232 V
10 R
1080(The)S
1262(pattern)S
1567(can)S
1732(actually)S
2076(be)S
2196(one)S
2366(or)S
2475(more)S
2707(patterns)S
3051((see)S
10 I
3239(Patterns)S
10 R
3605(below),)S
3935(separated)S
4341(by)S
4466(``|'')S
4647(characters.)S
5400 V
1080(Commands)S
1562(may)S
1760(be)S
(grouped)329 1880 A
2234(by)S
(writing)291 2359 A
2675(either)S
5640 V
10 B
1480(()S
10 R
1514(list)S
10 B
1637())S
5880 V
10 R
1080(or)S
6120 V
10 B
1480({)S
10 R
1545(list;)S
10 B
1721(})S
6360 V
10 R
1080(The)S
1262(256rst)S
1444(of)S
1553(these)S
1785(executes)S
2157(the)S
2305(commands)S
2765(in)S
2868(a)S
2938(subshell.)S
6528 V
1080(A)S
1178(function)S
(de256nition)385 1538 A
(looks)217 1948 A
2190(like)S
6768 V
1480(name)S
10 B
1723(()S
1782())S
10 R
1841(command)S
7008 V
1080(A)S
1182(function)S
(de256nition)385 1546 A
1960(is)S
2056(an)S
2180(executable)S
2640(statement;)S
3083(when)S
3330(executed)S
3717(it)S
3802(installs)S
4116(a)S
4190(function)S
4554(named)S
10 B
4851(name)S
10 R
5116(and)S
7128 V
1080(returns)S
1385(an)S
1505(exit)S
1681(status)S
1935(of)S
2044(zero.)S
2293(The)S
2475(command)S
2896(is)S
2988(normally)S
3376(a)S
3446(list)S
3594(enclosed)S
3971(between)S
4332(``{'')S
4541(and)S
4711(``}''.)S
7296 V
1080(Variables)S
1497(may)S
1700(be)S
1825(declared)S
2197(to)S
2305(be)S
2430(local)S
2656(to)S
2764(a)S
2839(function)S
3205(by)S
3336(using)S
3584(a)S
10 I
3660(local)S
10 R
3892(command.)S
4369(This)S
(should)267 4579 A
4877(appear)S
5177(as)S
7416 V
1080(the)S
1228(256rst)S
1410(staement)S
1793(of)S
1902(a)S
1972(function,)S
2357(and)S
(looks)217 2527 A
2769(like)S
7903 V
720(September)S
1176(17,)S
(1996)200 1326 A
2654(()S
2696(March)S
2984(7,)S
(1991)200 3084 A
3292())S
4990(Page)S
5211(2)S
8143 V
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/slant 0 def
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480 V
10 R
720(SH)S
857(()S
899(1)S
957())S
2696(Eighth)S
(Edition)296 2989 A
4990(SH)S
5127(()S
5169(1)S
5227())S
960 V
10 B
1480(local)S
10 R
1706([)S
1765(variable)S
2115(|)S
10 B
2160(-)S
10 R
2219(])S
(...)75 2278 A
1200 V
10 I
1080(Local)S
10 R
1334(is)S
1426(implemented)S
1976(as)S
2085(a)S
(builtin)262 2155 A
2442(command.)S
1368 V
1080(When)S
1356(a)S
1438(variable)S
1800(is)S
1904(made)S
2159(local,)S
2417(it)S
2510(inherits)S
2849(the)S
(initial)235 3009 A
3281(value)S
3536(and)S
(exported)352 3718 A
4107(and)S
(readonly)352 4289 A
4678(257ags)S
4905(from)S
5138(the)S
1488 V
1080(variable)S
1439(with)S
1652(the)S
1809(same)S
2050(name)S
2302(in)S
2414(the)S
(surrounding)485 2571 A
3089(scope,)S
3376(if)S
3471(there)S
3706(is)S
3806(one.)S
4034(Otherwise,)S
4507(the)S
4663(variable)S
5021(is)S
5121(ini-)S
1608 V
1080(tially)S
1321(unset.)S
10 I
1617(Ash)S
10 R
1802(uses)S
(dynamic)346 2009 A
2389(scoping,)S
2760(so)S
2883(that)S
3068(if)S
(you)150 3164 A
3349(make)S
3602(the)S
3760(variable)S
10 B
4120(x)S
10 R
4205(local)S
4436(to)S
4549(function)S
10 I
4919(f)S
10 R
4955(,)S
5015(which)S
1728 V
1080(then)S
1289(calls)S
1510(function)S
10 I
1881(g)S
10 R
1939(,)S
2000(references)S
2452(to)S
2566(the)S
2725(variable)S
10 B
3086(x)S
10 R
3171(made)S
3424(inside)S
10 I
3699(g)S
10 R
(will)157 3784 A
3976(refer)S
4203(to)S
4316(the)S
4474(variable)S
10 B
4834(x)S
10 R
4919(declared)S
1848 V
1080(inside)S
10 I
1345(f)S
10 R
1381(,)S
1431(not)S
1584(to)S
1687(the)S
1835(global)S
2111(variable)S
2461(named)S
10 B
2754(x)S
10 R
2804(.)S
2016 V
1080(The)S
1263(only)S
1467(special)S
1773(parameter)S
2203(than)S
2402(can)S
2568(be)S
2689(made)S
2933(local)S
3155(is)S
3248(``)S
10 B
3316(-)S
10 R
3350(''.)S
3494(Making)S
3832(``)S
10 B
3900(-)S
10 R
3934('')S
4028(local)S
4250(any)S
4421(shell)S
4637(options)S
4959(that)S
5137(are)S
2136 V
1080(changed)S
1445(via)S
1598(the)S
10 I
1751(set)S
10 R
1893(command)S
2319(inside)S
2589(the)S
2742(function)S
3107(to)S
3215(be)S
3340(restored)S
3695(to)S
3803(their)S
4018(original)S
4361(values)S
4648(when)S
4896(the)S
5048(func-)S
2256 V
1080(tion)S
1261(returns.)S
2424 V
1080(The)S
10 I
1262(return)S
10 R
1538(command)S
(looks)217 1959 A
2201(like)S
2664 V
10 B
1480(return)S
10 R
1786([)S
1845(exitstatus)S
2250(])S
2904 V
1080(It)S
1167(terminates)S
1612(the)S
1760(currently)S
2149(executing)S
2565(function.)S
10 I
2975(Return)S
10 R
3274(is)S
3366(implemented)S
3916(as)S
4025(a)S
(builtin)262 4095 A
4382(command.)S
3144 V
10 B
864(Simple)S
1186(Commands)S
3312 V
10 R
1080(A)S
1182(simple)S
1479(command)S
1904(is)S
2000(a)S
2074(sequence)S
2472(of)S
2585(words.)S
2911(The)S
3098(execution)S
3519(of)S
3633(a)S
3708(simple)S
4006(command)S
(proceeds)358 4432 A
4820(as)S
4934(follows.)S
3432 V
1080(First,)S
1317(the)S
1467(leading)S
1790(words)S
2063(of)S
2174(the)S
2324(form)S
2547(``name=value'')S
3203(are)S
3353(stripped)S
3703(off)S
3847(and)S
4018(assigned)S
4390(to)S
4494(the)S
4643(environment)S
5177(of)S
3552 V
1080(the)S
1235(command.)S
(Second,)321 1713 A
2066(the)S
2221(words)S
2499(are)S
2655(expanded.)S
3122(Third,)S
3403(the)S
3559(256rst)S
3749(remaining)S
4190(word)S
4430(is)S
4530(taken)S
4781(as)S
4898(the)S
5054(com-)S
3672 V
1080(mand)S
1337(name)S
1589(that)S
1774(command)S
2204(is)S
2305(located.)S
2680(Fourth,)S
3007(any)S
3186(redirections)S
3695(are)S
3852(performed.)S
4355(Fifth,)S
4609(the)S
4765(command)S
5194(is)S
3792 V
1080(executed.)S
1513(We)S
(look)178 1678 A
1881(at)S
1979(these)S
2211(operations)S
2655(in)S
2758(reverse)S
3075(order.)S
3960 V
1080(The)S
1265(execution)S
1685(of)S
1798(the)S
1950(command)S
2375(varies)S
2645(with)S
2853(the)S
3005(type)S
3207(of)S
3320(command.)S
3795(There)S
4060(are)S
4213(three)S
4444(types)S
4685(of)S
4798(commands:)S
4080 V
1080(shell)S
1295(functions,)S
(builtin)262 1719 A
2006(commands,)S
2491(and)S
2661(normal)S
2971(programs.)S
4248 V
1080(When)S
1359(a)S
1443(shell)S
1672(function)S
2047(is)S
2154(executed,)S
2577(all)S
2718(of)S
2842(the)S
3005(shell)S
(positional)396 3235 A
3671(parameters)S
4154((except)S
4491($0,)S
4656(which)S
4942(remains)S
4368 V
1080(unchanged))S
1577(are)S
1729(set)S
1869(to)S
1975(the)S
2126(parameters)S
2597(to)S
2703(the)S
2854(shell)S
3072(function.)S
3485(The)S
3670(variables)S
4062(which)S
4335(are)S
(explicitly)380 4486 A
(placed)263 4893 A
5183(in)S
4488 V
1080(the)S
1232(environment)S
1769(of)S
1882(the)S
2034(command)S
2459((by)S
2622(placing)S
2947(assignments)S
3467(to)S
3574(them)S
3804(before)S
4091(the)S
4243(function)S
4607(name))S
4889(are)S
5043(made)S
4608 V
1080(local)S
1306(to)S
1413(the)S
1565(function)S
1929(and)S
2103(are)S
2256(set)S
2397(to)S
2504(values)S
2790(given.)S
3092(Then)S
3328(the)S
3480(command)S
3905(given)S
4157(in)S
4264(the)S
4416(function)S
(de256nition)385 4780 A
5194(is)S
4728 V
1080(executed.)S
1513(The)S
(positional)396 1695 A
2116(parameters)S
2584(are)S
2733(restored)S
3083(to)S
3186(their)S
3396(original)S
3734(values)S
4016(when)S
4259(the)S
4407(command)S
4828(completes.)S
4896 V
1080(Shell)S
(builtins)301 1312 A
1638(are)S
1787(executed)S
2170(internally)S
2581(to)S
2684(the)S
2832(shell,)S
(without)307 3072 A
3404(spawning)S
3814(a)S
3884(new)S
4077(process.)S
5064 V
1080(When)S
1367(a)S
1459(normal)S
1791(program)S
2179(is)S
2293(executed,)S
2723(the)S
2893(shell)S
3130(runs)S
3350(the)S
3520(program,)S
3934(passing)S
4283(the)S
4454(parameters)S
4945(and)S
5138(the)S
5184 V
1080(environment)S
1616(to)S
1722(the)S
1873(program.)S
2292(If)S
2388(the)S
2539(program)S
2907(is)S
3001(a)S
3073(shell)S
3290(procedure,)S
3745(the)S
3895(shell)S
(will)157 4112 A
4296(interpret)S
4665(the)S
4815(program)S
5183(in)S
5304 V
1080(a)S
1156(subshell.)S
1566(The)S
1754(shell)S
(will)157 1975 A
(reinitialize)432 2163 A
2626(itself)S
2859(in)S
2968(this)S
3144(case,)S
3374(so)S
3494(that)S
3676(the)S
3830(effect)S
(will)157 4092 A
4280(be)S
4407(as)S
4523(if)S
4617(a)S
4694(new)S
4894(shell)S
5116(had)S
5424 V
1080(been)S
(invoked)323 1299 A
1651(to)S
1758(handle)S
2055(the)S
2207(shell)S
2426(procedure,)S
2883(except)S
3175(that)S
3355(the)S
3506(location)S
3858(of)S
3970(commands)S
4433(located)S
4752(in)S
4858(the)S
5009(parent)S
5544 V
1080(shell)S
(will)157 1300 A
1487(be)S
1612(remembered)S
2146(by)S
2276(the)S
2429(child.)S
2710(If)S
2808(the)S
2961(program)S
3332(is)S
3429(a)S
3505(256le)S
3665(beginning)S
4097(with)S
(``#!'',)245 4307 A
4583(the)S
4737(remainder)S
5177(of)S
5664 V
1080(the)S
1233(256rst)S
1420(line)S
1601(speci256es)S
1978(an)S
2103(interpreter)S
2554(for)S
2702(the)S
2855(program.)S
3276(The)S
3463(shell)S
3683((or)S
3831(the)S
3984(operating)S
4394(system,)S
(under)229 4728 A
4986(Berke-)S
5784 V
1080(ley)S
1239(UNIX))S
(will)157 1562 A
1755(run)S
1926(the)S
2086(interpreter)S
2544(in)S
2659(this)S
2841(case.)S
3102(The)S
3296(arguments)S
3752(to)S
3867(the)S
4027(interpreter)S
(will)157 4485 A
4679(consist)S
4995(of)S
5116(any)S
5904 V
1080(arguments)S
1526(given)S
1776(on)S
1903(the)S
2053(256rst)S
2237(line)S
2415(of)S
2526(the)S
2676(program,)S
3069(followed)S
3454(by)S
3581(the)S
3731(name)S
3976(of)S
4087(the)S
4236(program,)S
4628(followed)S
5012(by)S
5138(the)S
6024 V
1080(arguments)S
1524(passed)S
1817(to)S
1920(the)S
2068(program.)S
6264 V
10 B
(Redirection)505 864 A
6432 V
10 R
(Input/output)496 1080 A
1601(redirections)S
2102(can)S
2268(be)S
2389(intermixed)S
2851(with)S
3056(the)S
3205(words)S
3477(in)S
3581(a)S
3652(simple)S
3946(command)S
4368(and)S
4539(can)S
4705(be)S
(placed)263 4826 A
5115(fol-)S
6552 V
1080(lowing)S
1390(any)S
1566(of)S
1681(the)S
1835(other)S
2073(commands.)S
2589(When)S
2860(redirection)S
3328(occurs,)S
3646(the)S
3799(shell)S
4019(saves)S
4267(the)S
4420(old)S
4578(values)S
4865(of)S
4979(the)S
5132(256le)S
6672 V
1080(descriptors)S
1554(and)S
1731(restores)S
2077(them)S
2310(when)S
2560(the)S
2715(command)S
3143(completes.)S
3633(The)S
3822(``<'',)S
4073(``>'',)S
4324(and)S
4502(``>>'')S
4785(redirections)S
6792 V
1080(open)S
1309(a)S
1388(256le)S
1551(for)S
(input,)231 1702 A
1966(output,)S
2280(and)S
2458(appending,)S
2934(respectively.)S
3504(The)S
3694(``<&digit'')S
4182(and)S
4360(``>&digit'')S
4848(makes)S
5138(the)S
6912 V
(input)206 1080 A
1313(or)S
1424(output)S
1707(a)S
(duplicate)369 1779 A
2176(of)S
2288(the)S
2439(256le)S
2596(descriptor)S
3027(numbered)S
3457(by)S
3585(the)S
3736(digit.)S
3998(If)S
4094(a)S
4167(minus)S
4440(sign)S
4635(is)S
4730(used)S
4942(in)S
(place)213 5048 A
7032 V
1080(of)S
1189(a)S
1259(digit,)S
1493(the)S
1641(standard)S
(input)206 2007 A
2238(or)S
2347(standard)S
2713(output)S
2994(are)S
3143(closed.)S
7200 V
1080(The)S
1265(``<<)S
1472(word'')S
1775(redirection)S
2240(takes)S
(input)206 2475 A
2709(from)S
2933(a)S
10 I
3007(here)S
10 R
3215(document.)S
3690(As)S
3831(the)S
3983(shell)S
(encounters)436 4202 A
4667(``<<'')S
4946(redirec-)S
7320 V
1080(tions,)S
1337(it)S
1430(collects)S
1775(them.)S
2063(The)S
2257(next)S
2467(time)S
2682(it)S
(encounters)436 2774 A
3246(an)S
3377(unescaped)S
3832(newline,)S
4212(it)S
4304(reads)S
4553(the)S
4712(documents)S
5183(in)S
7440 V
1080(turn.)S
1321(The)S
1507(word)S
1743(following)S
2163(the)S
2315(``<<'')S
2594(speci256es)S
2970(the)S
3122(contents)S
3486(of)S
3599(the)S
3752(line)S
3933(that)S
4114(terminates)S
4564(the)S
4717(document.)S
5193(If)S
7903 V
720(Page)S
941(3)S
2654(()S
2696(March)S
2984(7,)S
(1991)200 3084 A
3292())S
4455(September)S
4911(17,)S
(1996)200 5061 A
8143 V
EP
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/slant 0 def
/height 0 def
480 V
10 R
720(SH)S
857(()S
899(1)S
957())S
2696(Eighth)S
(Edition)296 2989 A
4990(SH)S
5127(()S
5169(1)S
5227())S
960 V
(none)195 1080 A
1303(of)S
1415(the)S
(quoting)306 1566 A
(methods)340 1900 A
(('',)127 2268 A
2423("",)S
2558(or)S
2670(\))S
2760(are)S
2912(used)S
3124(to)S
3230(enter)S
3460(the)S
3610(word,)S
3869(then)S
4069(the)S
4219(document)S
4642(is)S
4736(treated)S
5038(like)S
5216(a)S
1080 V
1080(word)S
1326(inside)S
(double)273 1605 A
(quotes:)290 1917 A
2271(``$'')S
2496(and)S
(backquote)413 2680 A
3132(are)S
3295(expanded)S
3719(and)S
3904(backslash)S
4335(can)S
4515(be)S
4650(used)S
4874(to)S
4992(escape)S
1200 V
1080(these)S
1316(and)S
1490(to)S
1597(continue)S
(long)178 1972 A
2179(lines.)S
2448(The)S
2634(word)S
(cannot)268 2870 A
3167(contain)S
3492(any)S
3666(variable)S
4020(or)S
4132(command)S
(substitutions,)532 4556 A
5116(and)S
1320 V
1080(its)S
1200(length)S
1476((after)S
(quoting))340 1721 A
2086(must)S
2306(be)S
2426(in)S
2529(the)S
2677(range)S
2926(of)S
3035(1)S
3110(to)S
3214(79)S
3340(characters.)S
3826(If)S
(``<<-'')284 3920 A
4230(is)S
4323(used)S
4533(in)S
(place)213 4637 A
4876(of)S
4986(``<<'',)S
1440 V
1080(then)S
1281(leading)S
1605(tabs)S
1795(are)S
1947(deleted)S
2266(from)S
2490(the)S
2641(lines)S
2859(of)S
2971(the)S
3122(document.)S
3596((This)S
3837(is)S
3932(to)S
4038(allow)S
(you)150 4290 A
4468(do)S
4596(indent)S
4875(shell)S
5093(pro-)S
1560 V
1080(cedures)S
1413(containing)S
1862(here)S
2061(documents)S
2521(in)S
2624(a)S
2694(natural)S
2999(fashion.))S
1728 V
1080(Any)S
1301(of)S
1433(the)S
(preceding)397 1604 A
2049(redirection)S
2534(operators)S
2957(may)S
3178(be)S
(preceded)364 3321 A
3733(by)S
3881(a)S
3974(single)S
4262(digit)S
4494(specifying)S
4961(the)S
5132(256le)S
1848 V
1080(descriptor)S
1524(to)S
1643(be)S
1779(redirected.)S
2274(There)S
(cannot)268 2551 A
2860(be)S
2996(any)S
3182(white)S
(space)224 3447 A
3712(between)S
4089(the)S
4252(digit)S
4476(and)S
4661(the)S
4824(redirection)S
1968 V
1080(operator.)S
2208 V
10 B
864(Path)S
1091(Search)S
2376 V
10 R
1080(When)S
1351(locating)S
1706(a)S
1782(command,)S
2234(the)S
2388(shell)S
2609(256rst)S
(looks)217 2797 A
3045(to)S
3154(see)S
3314(if)S
3407(it)S
3494(has)S
3659(a)S
3735(shell)S
3956(function)S
4322(by)S
4453(that)S
4635(name.)S
4935(Then,)S
5199(if)S
2496 V
1080(PATH)S
1370(does)S
1580(not)S
1734(contain)S
2056(an)S
2177(entry)S
2410(for)S
("%builtin",)453 2554 A
3032(it)S
(looks)217 3113 A
3355(for)S
3498(a)S
(builtin)262 3568 A
3855(command)S
4276(by)S
4401(that)S
4577(name.)S
4870(Finally,)S
5205(it)S
2616 V
1080(searches)S
(each)185 1447 A
1657(entry)S
1889(in)S
1992(PATH)S
2281(in)S
2384(turn)S
2571(for)S
2714(the)S
2862(command.)S
2784 V
1080(The)S
1266(value)S
1513(of)S
1626(the)S
1778(PATH)S
2071(variable)S
(should)267 2425 A
2721(be)S
2845(a)S
2919(series)S
3178(of)S
3292(entries)S
3591(separated)S
4002(by)S
4132(colons.)S
4474(Each)S
4706(entry)S
4943(consists)S
2904 V
1080(of)S
1192(a)S
1265(directory)S
1657(name,)S
1928(or)S
2040(a)S
2113(directory)S
2505(name)S
2751(followed)S
3137(by)S
3265(a)S
3338(257ag)S
3517(beginning)S
3945(with)S
4151(a)S
4223(percent)S
4547(sign.)S
4791(The)S
4975(current)S
3024 V
1080(directory)S
(should)267 1469 A
1761(be)S
1881(indicated)S
2275(by)S
2400(an)S
2520(empty)S
2796(directory)S
3185(name.)S
3192 V
1080(If)S
1177(no)S
1306(percent)S
1632(sign)S
1828(is)S
1924(present,)S
2269(then)S
2471(the)S
2623(entry)S
2859(causes)S
3151(the)S
3303(shell)S
3522(to)S
3629(search)S
3916(for)S
4063(the)S
4216(command)S
4642(in)S
4750(the)S
4903(speci256ed)S
3312 V
1080(directory.)S
1528(If)S
1630(the)S
1787(257ag)S
1972(is)S
(``%builtin'')482 2073 A
2589(then)S
2796(the)S
2953(list)S
3110(of)S
3228(shell)S
(builtin)262 3452 A
3748(commands)S
4217(is)S
4317(searched.)S
4753(If)S
4854(the)S
5010(257ag)S
5194(is)S
3432 V
1080(``%func'')S
1511(then)S
1716(the)S
1871(directory)S
2267(is)S
2366(searched)S
2751(for)S
2901(a)S
2978(256le)S
3139(which)S
3417(is)S
3517(read)S
3724(as)S
(input)206 3841 A
4080(to)S
4191(the)S
4347(shell.)S
4620(This)S
4832(256le)S
(should)267 4994 A
3552 V
1080(de256ne)S
1351(a)S
1421(function)S
1781(whose)S
2063(name)S
2306(is)S
2398(the)S
2546(name)S
2789(of)S
2898(the)S
3046(command)S
3467(being)S
3715(searched)S
4093(for.)S
3720 V
1080(Command)S
1523(names)S
1805(containing)S
2254(a)S
2324(slash)S
2550(are)S
2699(simply)S
2997(executed)S
(without)307 3380 A
3712(performing)S
4190(any)S
4360(of)S
4469(the)S
(above)240 4617 A
4882(searches.)S
3960 V
10 B
864(The)S
1057(Environment)S
4128 V
10 R
1080(The)S
1266(environment)S
1803(of)S
1916(a)S
1990(command)S
2415(is)S
2511(a)S
2585(set)S
2726(of)S
2839(name/value)S
3332(pairs.)S
3607(When)S
3877(the)S
4030(shell)S
4250(is)S
(invoked,)348 4347 A
4725(it)S
4811(reads)S
5054(these)S
4248 V
1080(names)S
1366(and)S
1540(values,)S
1851(sets)S
2031(the)S
2183(shell)S
2402(variables)S
2794(with)S
3001(these)S
3236(names)S
3521(to)S
3627(the)S
(corresponding)575 3778 A
4381(values,)S
4691(and)S
4864(marks)S
5138(the)S
4368 V
1080(variables)S
1469(as)S
(exported.)377 1578 A
2005(The)S
10 I
2187(export)S
10 R
2469(command)S
2890(can)S
3055(be)S
3175(used)S
3384(to)S
3487(mark)S
(additional)402 3719 A
4146(variables)S
4535(as)S
(exported.)377 4644 A
4536 V
1080(The)S
1267(environment)S
1805(of)S
1919(a)S
1995(command)S
2422(is)S
2520(constructed)S
3015(by)S
3146(constructing)S
3674(name/value)S
4169(pairs)S
4396(from)S
4623(all)S
4755(the)S
(exported)352 4909 A
4656 V
1080(shell)S
1295(variables,)S
1709(and)S
1879(then)S
2077(modifying)S
2520(this)S
2690(set)S
2827(by)S
2952(the)S
3100(assignments)S
3616(which)S
(precede)314 3887 A
4226(the)S
4374(command,)S
4820(if)S
4907(any.)S
4896 V
10 B
864(Expansion)S
5064 V
10 R
1080(The)S
1272(process)S
1609(of)S
1728(evaluating)S
2182(words)S
2463(when)S
2716(a)S
2796(shell)S
3021(procedure)S
3459(is)S
3562(executed)S
3956(is)S
4059(called)S
10 I
(expansion)407 4336 A
10 R
4751(.)S
4837(Expansion)S
5184 V
1080(consists)S
1431(of)S
1548(four)S
1748(steps:)S
2034(variable)S
(substitution,)493 2391 A
2916(command)S
(substitution,)493 3344 A
3869(word)S
(splitting,)354 4108 A
4494(and)S
4671(256le)S
4832(name)S
5082(gen-)S
5304 V
1080(eration.)S
1442(If)S
1542(a)S
1619(word)S
1858(is)S
1957(the)S
2112(expression)S
2574(following)S
2998(the)S
3154(word)S
10 B
3394(case)S
10 R
3606(in)S
3717(a)S
3795(case)S
4002(statement,)S
4446(the)S
4602(256le)S
4764(name)S
5015(which)S
5424 V
1080(follows)S
1408(a)S
1479(redirection)S
1942(symbol,)S
2288(or)S
2398(an)S
2519(assignment)S
2997(to)S
3101(the)S
3250(environment)S
3784(of)S
3894(a)S
3965(command,)S
4412(then)S
4611(the)S
4760(word)S
(cannot)268 4993 A
5544 V
1080(be)S
(split)173 1200 A
1398(into)S
(multiple)335 1579 A
1939(words.)S
2260(In)S
2369(these)S
2601(cases,)S
2864(the)S
3012(last)S
3177(two)S
3353(steps)S
3579(of)S
3688(the)S
3836(expansion)S
4268(process)S
4595(are)S
(omitted.)332 4744 A
5784 V
10 B
864(Variable)S
(Substitution)527 1264 A
5952 V
10 R
1080(To)S
1217(be)S
(written.)311 1337 A
6192 V
10 B
864(Command)S
(Substitution)527 1342 A
6360 V
10 I
1080(Ash)S
10 R
(accepts)297 1256 A
1578(two)S
1754(syntaxes)S
2125(for)S
2268(command)S
(substitution:)496 2689 A
6600 V
1480(`)S
10 I
1514(list)S
10 R
1637(`)S
6840 V
1080(and)S
7080 V
1480($()S
10 I
1564(list)S
10 R
1687())S
7320 V
1080(Either)S
1362(of)S
1481(these)S
1723(may)S
1931(be)S
2061(included)S
2442(in)S
2555(a)S
2635(word.)S
2927(During)S
3248(the)S
3407(command)S
(substitution)468 3839 A
4343(process,)S
4706(the)S
4865(command)S
7440 V
1080((syntactly)S
1507(a)S
10 I
1582(list)S
10 R
1713())S
(will)157 1777 A
1964(be)S
2089(executed)S
2477(and)S
2652(anything)S
3033(that)S
3213(the)S
3365(command)S
3790(writes)S
4066(to)S
4173(the)S
4325(standard)S
4695(output)S
(will)157 4980 A
5166(be)S
7903 V
720(September)S
1176(17,)S
(1996)200 1326 A
2654(()S
2696(March)S
2984(7,)S
(1991)200 3084 A
3292())S
4990(Page)S
5211(4)S
8143 V
EP
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/slant 0 def
/height 0 def
480 V
10 R
720(SH)S
857(()S
899(1)S
957())S
2696(Eighth)S
(Edition)296 2989 A
4990(SH)S
5127(()S
5169(1)S
5227())S
960 V
1080(captured)S
1452(by)S
1577(the)S
1726(shell.)S
1992(The)S
2175(256nal)S
2380(newline)S
2725((if)S
2847(any))S
3052(of)S
3162(the)S
3311(output)S
(will)157 3593 A
3776(be)S
3897(deleted;)S
4242(the)S
4391(rest)S
4563(of)S
4673(the)S
4822(output)S
(will)157 5104 A
1080 V
1080(be)S
(substituted)435 1200 A
1660(for)S
1803(the)S
1951(command)S
2372(in)S
2475(the)S
2623(word.)S
1320 V
10 B
864(Word)S
1140(Splitting)S
1488 V
10 R
1080(When)S
1350(the)S
1503(value)S
1751(of)S
1865(a)S
1940(variable)S
2295(or)S
2409(the)S
2562(output)S
2848(of)S
2962(a)S
3037(command)S
3463(is)S
(substituted,)460 3560 A
4050(the)S
(resulting)352 4204 A
4587(text)S
4769(is)S
4867(subject)S
5183(to)S
1608 V
1080(word)S
(splitting,)354 1323 A
1713(unless)S
2000(the)S
2159(dollar)S
2430(sign)S
(introducing)463 2633 A
3132(the)S
3291(variable)S
3652(or)S
(backquotes)452 3772 A
4260(containing)S
4720(the)S
4878(text)S
5064(were)S
1728 V
1080(enclosed)S
1459(in)S
(double)273 1564 A
(quotes.)287 1864 A
2203(In)S
(addition,)354 2314 A
2695(``$@'')S
3001(is)S
3095(subject)S
3407(to)S
3512(a)S
3584(special)S
3891(type)S
4091(of)S
(splitting,)354 4202 A
4584(even)S
4802(in)S
4908(the)S
5059(pres-)S
1848 V
1080(ence)S
1290(of)S
(double)273 1399 A
(quotes.)287 1697 A
2016 V
1080(Ash)S
1273(uses)S
1477(two)S
1659(different)S
(splitting)329 2039 A
2400(algorithms.)S
2912(The)S
3101(normal)S
3418(approach,)S
3844(which)S
4122(is)S
4221(intended)S
4599(for)S
(splitting)329 4749 A
5110(text)S
2136 V
1080(separated)S
1487(by)S
1613(which)S
(space,)249 1884 A
2158(is)S
2250(used)S
2459(if)S
2546(the)S
2694(256rst)S
2876(character)S
3272(of)S
3381(the)S
3529(shell)S
3744(variable)S
4094(IFS)S
4265(is)S
4357(a)S
(space.)249 4427 A
4726(Otherwise)S
5166(an)S
2256 V
1080(alternative)S
1537(experimental)S
2094(algorithm,)S
2541(which)S
2818(is)S
2916(useful)S
3193(for)S
(splitting)329 3343 A
3704((possibly)S
4104(empty))S
4421(256elds)S
4671(separated)S
5084(by)S
5216(a)S
2376 V
1080(separator)S
1475(character,)S
1896(is)S
1988(used.)S
2544 V
1080(When)S
1347(performing)S
(splitting,)354 1827 A
2208(the)S
2358(shell)S
2575(scans)S
2820(the)S
(replacement)493 2971 A
3492(text)S
(looking)306 3671 A
4005(for)S
4151(a)S
4224(character)S
4623((when)S
4903(IFS)S
5077(does)S
2664 V
1080(not)S
1244(begin)S
1503(with)S
1718(a)S
(space))258 1799 A
2093(or)S
2213(a)S
2294(sequence)S
2699(of)S
2819(characters)S
3265((when)S
3553(IFS)S
3734(does)S
3953(begin)S
4211(with)S
4425(a)S
(space),)283 4505 A
4823(deletes)S
5138(the)S
2784 V
1080(character)S
1479(or)S
1591(sequence)S
1988(of)S
2100(characters,)S
2563(and)S
2736(spits)S
2948(the)S
3099(word)S
3334(into)S
3518(two)S
3697(strings)S
3993(at)S
4094(that)S
4273(point.)S
4557(When)S
4825(IFS)S
4999(begins)S
2904 V
1080(with)S
1290(a)S
(space,)249 1366 A
1646(the)S
1800(shell)S
2021(deletes)S
2332(either)S
2593(of)S
2708(the)S
2861(strings)S
3159(if)S
3251(they)S
3454(are)S
3608(null.)S
3844(As)S
3986(a)S
4061(special)S
4371(case,)S
4600(if)S
4692(the)S
4845(word)S
5082(con-)S
3024 V
1080(taining)S
1384(the)S
(replacement)493 1532 A
2050(text)S
2226(is)S
2318(the)S
2466(null)S
2647(string,)S
2926(the)S
3074(word)S
3306(is)S
3398(deleted.)S
3192 V
1080(The)S
1266(variable)S
1620(``$@'')S
1928(is)S
2024(special)S
2333(in)S
2440(two)S
2620(ways.)S
2906(First,)S
(splitting)329 3146 A
3505(takes)S
(place)213 3742 A
3985(between)S
4351(the)S
(positional)396 4504 A
4930(parame-)S
3312 V
1080(ters,)S
1281(even)S
1501(if)S
1593(the)S
1746(text)S
1927(is)S
2023(enclosed)S
2404(in)S
(double)273 2511 A
(quotes.)287 2813 A
(Second,)321 3154 A
3504(if)S
3595(the)S
3747(word)S
3983(containing)S
4436(the)S
(replacement)493 4588 A
5110(text)S
3432 V
1080(is)S
1179(the)S
1334(null)S
1522(string)S
1783(and)S
1960(there)S
2194(are)S
2351(no)S
(positional)396 2484 A
2913(parameters,)S
3414(then)S
3620(the)S
3776(word)S
4016(is)S
4116(deleted.)S
4490(The)S
4680(result)S
4937(of)S
5054(these)S
3552 V
1080(rules)S
1309(is)S
1409(that)S
1593("$@")S
1851(is)S
1951(equivalent)S
2403(to)S
2514("$1")S
2729("$2")S
(...)75 2944 A
3052("$)S
10 I
3143(n)S
10 R
3193(",)S
3292(where)S
10 I
3572(n)S
10 R
3655(is)S
3755(the)S
3910(number)S
4249(of)S
(positional)396 4365 A
4793(parameters.)S
3672 V
1080((Note)S
1356(that)S
1553(this)S
1744(differs)S
2054(from)S
2297(the)S
2467(System)S
2810(V)S
2930(shell.)S
3217(The)S
3421(System)S
3764(V)S
3884(documentation)S
4528(claims)S
4838(that)S
5036("$@")S
3792 V
1080(behaves)S
1436(this)S
1613(way;)S
1841(in)S
1951(fact)S
2134(on)S
2265(the)S
2419(System)S
2746(V)S
2850(shell)S
3071("$@")S
3327(is)S
3425(equivalent)S
3875(to)S
3984("")S
4097(when)S
4346(there)S
4579(are)S
4734(no)S
(positional)396 4865 A
3912 V
1080(paramteters.))S
4152 V
10 B
864(File)S
1052(Name)S
1329(Generation)S
4320 V
10 R
1080(Unless)S
1382(the)S
10 B
1533(-f)S
10 R
1629(257ag)S
1808(is)S
1903(set,)S
2068(256le)S
2225(name)S
2471(generation)S
2925(is)S
3021(performed)S
3470(after)S
3685(word)S
(splitting)329 3921 A
4279(is)S
4375(complete.)S
4823(Each)S
5054(word)S
4440 V
1080(is)S
1173(viewed)S
1490(as)S
1600(a)S
1671(series)S
1927(of)S
2036(patterns,)S
2405(separated)S
2811(by)S
2936(slashes.)S
3296(The)S
3478(process)S
3805(of)S
3914(expansion)S
(replaces)331 4346 A
4702(the)S
4850(word)S
5082(with)S
4560 V
1080(the)S
1233(names)S
1520(of)S
1634(all)S
1765(existing)S
2113(256les)S
2311(whose)S
2598(names)S
2885(can)S
3055(be)S
3180(formed)S
3501(by)S
3631(replacing)S
(each)185 4037 A
4253(pattern)S
4564(with)S
4774(a)S
4850(string)S
5110(that)S
4680 V
1080(matches)S
1441(the)S
1595(speci256ed)S
1984(pattern.)S
2345(There)S
2612(are)S
2767(two)S
2949(restrictions)S
3428(on)S
3558(this:)S
3786(256rst,)S
3998(a)S
4073(pattern)S
(cannot)268 4383 A
4681(match)S
4957(a)S
5032(string)S
4800 V
1080(containing)S
1539(a)S
1619(slash,)S
1881(and)S
(second,)304 2062 A
2402(a)S
2483(pattern)S
(cannot)268 2799 A
3103(match)S
3385(a)S
3466(string)S
3731(starting)S
4069(with)S
4284(a)S
4365(period)S
4658(unless)S
4945(the)S
5104(256rst)S
4920 V
1080(character)S
1476(of)S
1585(the)S
1733(pattern)S
2038(is)S
2130(a)S
2200(period.)S
5088 V
1080(If)S
1175(a)S
1247(word)S
1481(fails)S
1682(to)S
1787(match)S
2060(any)S
2232(256les)S
2427(and)S
2599(the)S
10 B
2749(-z)S
10 R
2855(257ag)S
3033(is)S
3127(not)S
3282(set,)S
3446(then)S
3646(the)S
3796(word)S
(will)157 4030 A
4215(be)S
4338(left)S
4501(unchanged)S
4964((except)S
5208 V
1080(that)S
1263(the)S
1418(meta-characters)S
(will)157 2090 A
2279(be)S
(converted)397 2406 A
2835(to)S
2945(normal)S
3262(characters).)S
3787(If)S
3886(the)S
10 B
4040(-z)S
10 R
4150(257ag)S
4332(is)S
4430(set,)S
4598(then)S
4802(the)S
4956(word)S
5194(is)S
5328 V
1080(only)S
1290(left)S
1458(unchanged)S
1926(if)S
(none)195 2021 A
2249(of)S
2366(the)S
2522(patterns)S
2874(contain)S
3203(a)S
3281(character)S
3685(that)S
3869(can)S
4042(match)S
4321(anything)S
4705(besides)S
5034(itself.)S
5448 V
1080(Otherwise)S
1524(the)S
10 B
1676(-z)S
10 R
1784(257ag)S
1964(forces)S
2240(the)S
2392(word)S
2628(to)S
2735(be)S
(replaced)342 2859 A
3230(with)S
3438(the)S
3590(names)S
3876(of)S
3988(the)S
4139(256les)S
4335(that)S
4514(it)S
4598(matches,)S
4981(even)S
5199(if)S
5568 V
1080(there)S
1307(are)S
1456(zero)S
1655(names.)S
5808 V
10 B
864(Patterns)S
5976 V
10 R
1080(A)S
10 I
1195(pattern)S
10 R
1527(consists)S
1887(of)S
2013(normal)S
2340(characters,)S
2817(which)S
3106(match)S
3395(themselves,)S
3910(and)S
4098(meta-characters.)S
4831(The)S
5031(meta-)S
6096 V
1080(characters)S
1533(are)S
(``!'',)195 1699 A
1936(``*'',)S
2189(``?'',)S
2437(and)S
(``[''.)195 2624 A
2886(These)S
3169(characters)S
3621(lose)S
3825(there)S
4069(special)S
4391(meanings)S
4818(if)S
4922(they)S
5137(are)S
6216 V
(quoted.)298 1080 A
1428(When)S
1693(command)S
2114(or)S
2223(variable)S
(substitution)468 2573 A
3066(is)S
3158(performed)S
3603(and)S
3773(the)S
3921(dollar)S
4181(sign)S
4373(or)S
4482(back)S
(quotes)262 4697 A
4984(are)S
5133(not)S
6336 V
(double)273 1080 A
(quoted,)298 1386 A
1716(the)S
1871(value)S
2121(of)S
2237(the)S
2392(variable)S
2749(or)S
2865(the)S
3020(output)S
3308(of)S
3424(the)S
3579(command)S
4007(is)S
4106(scanned)S
4462(for)S
4612(these)S
4851(characters)S
6456 V
1080(and)S
1250(they)S
1448(are)S
1597(turned)S
1879(into)S
2060(meta-characters.)S
6624 V
1080(Two)S
1293(exclamation)S
1813(points)S
2086(at)S
2187(the)S
2338(beginning)S
2767(of)S
2879(a)S
2952(pattern)S
3260(function)S
3623(as)S
3736(a)S
3810(``not'')S
4103(operator,)S
4493(causing)S
4829(the)S
4981(pattern)S
6744 V
1080(to)S
1187(match)S
1462(any)S
1636(string)S
1893(that)S
2072(the)S
2223(remainder)S
2660(of)S
2772(the)S
2923(pattern)S
3231(does)S
10 I
3443(not)S
10 R
3599(match.)S
3923(Other)S
4181(occurances)S
4657(of)S
4769(exclamation)S
6864 V
1080(points)S
1357(in)S
1467(a)S
1544(pattern)S
1856(match)S
2134(exclamation)S
2658(points.)S
2985(Two)S
3202(exclamation)S
3726(points)S
4004(are)S
4161(required)S
4530(rather)S
4799(than)S
5005(one)S
5183(to)S
6984 V
1080(decrease)S
1468(the)S
(incompatibility)614 1631 A
2285(with)S
2504(the)S
2667(System)S
3003(V)S
3116(shell)S
3346((which)S
3666(does)S
3890(not)S
4058(treat)S
4278(exclamation)S
4809(points)S
5093(spe-)S
7104 V
1080(cially).)S
7272 V
1080(An)S
1230(asterisk)S
((``*''))254 1566 A
1848(matches)S
2206(any)S
2379(string)S
2636(of)S
2748(characters.)S
3236(A)S
3337(question)S
3705(mark)S
3940(matches)S
4298(any)S
4471(single)S
4739(character.)S
5188(A)S
7392 V
1080(left)S
1244(bracket)S
((``[''))238 1570 A
(introduces)419 1837 A
2285(a)S
2359(character)S
2759(class.)S
3034(The)S
3220(end)S
3394(of)S
3506(the)S
3657(character)S
4056(class)S
4280(is)S
4375(indicated)S
4772(by)S
4900(a)S
(``]'';)198 4973 A
5199(if)S
7512 V
1080(the)S
(``]'')170 1233 A
1433(is)S
1530(missing)S
1872(then)S
2075(the)S
(``['')170 2228 A
2428(matches)S
2789(a)S
(``['')170 2865 A
3066(rather)S
3333(than)S
(introducing)463 3537 A
4031(a)S
4107(character)S
4509(class.)S
4786(A)S
4890(character)S
7903 V
720(Page)S
941(5)S
2654(()S
2696(March)S
2984(7,)S
(1991)200 3084 A
3292())S
4455(September)S
4911(17,)S
(1996)200 5061 A
8143 V
EP
%%Page: 6 18
BP
/slant 0 def
/height 0 def
480 V
10 R
720(SH)S
857(()S
899(1)S
957())S
2696(Eighth)S
(Edition)296 2989 A
4990(SH)S
5127(()S
5169(1)S
5227())S
960 V
1080(class)S
1325(matches)S
1704(any)S
1898(of)S
2031(the)S
2203(characters)S
2662(between)S
3046(the)S
3217(square)S
3528(brackets.)S
3962(A)S
4083(range)S
4355(of)S
4487(characters)S
4945(may)S
5166(be)S
1080 V
1080(speci256ed)S
1475(using)S
1729(a)S
1811(minus)S
2093(sign.)S
2347(The)S
2542(character)S
2951(class)S
3185(may)S
3396(be)S
3529(complemented)S
4159(by)S
4297(making)S
4636(an)S
4769(exclamation)S
1200 V
1080(point)S
1311(the)S
1459(256rst)S
1641(character)S
2037(of)S
2146(the)S
2294(character)S
2690(class.)S
1368 V
1080(To)S
1231(include)S
1567(a)S
(``]'')170 1652 A
1862(in)S
1980(a)S
2065(character)S
2476(class,)S
2737(make)S
2995(it)S
3091(the)S
3254(256rst)S
3451(character)S
3862(listed)S
4120((after)S
4380(the)S
(``!'',)195 4543 A
4778(if)S
4880(any).)S
5149(To)S
1488 V
1080(include)S
1401(a)S
1471(minus)S
1741(sign,)S
1958(make)S
2201(it)S
2282(the)S
2430(256rst)S
2612(or)S
2721(last)S
2886(character)S
3282(listed.)S
1728 V
10 B
864(The)S
1057(/u)S
(Directory)415 1166 A
1896 V
10 R
1080(By)S
(convention,)471 1227 A
1728(the)S
1881(name)S
(``/u/user'')410 2129 A
2569(refers)S
2830(to)S
2938(the)S
3091(home)S
3344(directory)S
3738(of)S
3852(the)S
4005(speci256ed)S
4393(user.)S
4641(There)S
4907(are)S
(good)200 5061 A
2016 V
1080(reasons)S
1409(why)S
1609(this)S
1781(feature)S
(should)267 2089 A
2383(be)S
(supported)396 2505 A
2928(by)S
3054(the)S
3203(256le)S
3358(system)S
3663((using)S
3940(a)S
4011(feature)S
4318(such)S
4528(as)S
4638(symbolic)S
5032(links))S
2136 V
1080(rather)S
1343(than)S
1543(by)S
1670(the)S
1821(shell,)S
2064(but)S
10 I
2220(ash)S
10 R
2387(is)S
2482(capable)S
2818(of)S
2930(performing)S
3411(this)S
3584(mapping)S
3963(if)S
4053(the)S
4204(256le)S
4361(system)S
4668(doesn't.)S
5042(If)S
5138(the)S
2256 V
1080(mapping)S
1456(is)S
(done)195 1548 A
1768(by)S
10 I
1893(ash)S
10 R
2040(,)S
(setting)268 2090 A
2383(the)S
10 B
2531(-f)S
10 R
2624(257ag)S
(will)157 2800 A
2982(turn)S
3169(it)S
3250(off.)S
2496 V
10 B
864(Character)S
1332(Set)S
2664 V
10 I
1080(Ash)S
10 R
1265(silently)S
1595(discards)S
1959(nul)S
2121(characters.)S
2615(Any)S
2823(other)S
3065(character)S
(will)157 3471 A
3663(be)S
3793(handled)S
4146(correctly)S
4540(by)S
10 I
4675(ash)S
10 R
4822(,)S
4882(including)S
2784 V
1080(characters)S
1515(with)S
1719(the)S
1867(high)S
2070(order)S
2308(bit)S
2439(set.)S
3024 V
10 B
864(Job)S
1045(Names)S
1361(and)S
1548(Job)S
1729(Control)S
3192 V
10 R
1080(The)S
1267(term)S
10 I
1482(job)S
10 R
1640(refers)S
1901(to)S
2009(a)S
2084(process)S
2416(created)S
2738(by)S
2868(a)S
2944(shell)S
3165(command,)S
3617(or)S
3732(in)S
3841(the)S
3995(case)S
4200(of)S
4315(a)S
4391(pipeline,)S
4771(to)S
4880(the)S
5034(set)S
5177(of)S
3312 V
1080(processes)S
1491(in)S
1594(the)S
1742(pipeline.)S
2141(The)S
2323(ways)S
2555(to)S
2658(refer)S
2875(to)S
2978(a)S
3048(job)S
3201(are:)S
3552 V
1480(%)S
10 I
1564(number)S
3672 V
10 R
1480(%)S
10 I
1564(string)S
3792 V
10 R
1480(%%)S
3912 V
10 I
1480(process_id)S
4152 V
10 R
1080(The)S
1262(256rst)S
1444(form)S
1665(identi256es)S
2059(a)S
2129(job)S
2283(by)S
2409(job)S
2563(number.)S
2946(When)S
3212(a)S
3283(command)S
3705(is)S
3798(run,)S
10 I
3983(ash)S
10 R
4148(assigns)S
4464(it)S
4546(a)S
4617(job)S
4771(number)S
5104((the)S
4272 V
1080(lowest)S
(unused)284 1379 A
1699(number)S
2042(is)S
2145(assigned).)S
2611(The)S
(second)279 2804 A
3119(form)S
3351(identi256es)S
3756(a)S
3837(job)S
4001(by)S
4136(giving)S
4427(a)S
4507(pre256x)S
4777(of)S
4896(the)S
5054(com-)S
4392 V
1080(mand)S
1335(used)S
1551(to)S
1661(create)S
1935(the)S
2090(job.)S
2300(The)S
2489(pre256x)S
2756(must)S
2983(be)S
3110(unique.)S
3465(If)S
3565(there)S
3800(is)S
3900(only)S
4111(one)S
4289(job,)S
4475(then)S
4681(the)S
4837(null)S
5026(pre256x)S
4512 V
(will)157 1080 A
1268(identify)S
1612(the)S
1766(job,)S
1949(so)S
(you)150 2068 A
2248(can)S
2418(refer)S
2640(to)S
2748(the)S
2901(job)S
3059(by)S
(writing)291 3189 A
3510(``%''.)S
3810(The)S
3997(third)S
4217(form)S
4443(refers)S
4704(to)S
4812(the)S
10 I
4965(current)S
4632 V
1080(job)S
10 R
1208(.)S
1291(The)S
1481(current)S
1800(job)S
1961(is)S
2061(the)S
2217(last)S
2390(job)S
2551(to)S
2662(be)S
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3136(while)S
3394(it)S
3484(was)S
3675(in)S
3787(the)S
(foreground.)472 3944 A
4475((See)S
4689(the)S
4846(next)S
5053(para-)S
4752 V
1080(graph.))S
1418(The)S
1600(last)S
1765(form)S
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2380(a)S
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2603(by)S
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3587(of)S
3696(the)S
3844(last)S
4009(process)S
4336(in)S
4439(the)S
4587(job.)S
4920 V
1080(If)S
1176(the)S
1327(operating)S
1735(system)S
2042(that)S
10 I
2221(ash)S
10 R
2388(is)S
(running)312 2483 A
2823(on)S
(supports)340 2951 A
3319(job)S
3475(control,)S
10 I
3813(ash)S
10 R
(will)157 3980 A
4166(allow)S
(you)150 4419 A
4598(to)S
4705(use)S
4868(it.)S
5003(In)S
5116(this)S
5040 V
1080(case,)S
1311(typing)S
1599(the)S
1754(suspend)S
2109(character)S
2512((typically)S
2930(303Z))S
3092(while)S
(running)312 3348 A
3692(a)S
3769(command)S
(will)157 4196 A
4384(return)S
(you)150 4656 A
4837(to)S
10 I
4946(ash)S
10 R
5116(and)S
5160 V
(will)157 1080 A
1269(make)S
1519(the)S
1674(suspended)S
2124(command)S
2553(the)S
2709(current)S
3028(job.)S
3239(You)S
3445(can)S
3618(then)S
3824(continue)S
4203(the)S
4359(job)S
4520(in)S
4631(the)S
(background)474 4787 A
5280 V
1080(by)S
1205(typing)S
10 I
1486(bg)S
10 R
1594(,)S
1644(or)S